Overview of Mycotoxins in India with special reference to Aflatoxins F Waliyar
Important Mycotoxins Aflatoxins Ochratoxins Fusarial toxins Fumonisins Zearalenone T2-toxin Deoxynivalenol Nivalenol
Mycotoxin Affects Crops Food and feed chain Animal production Marketability of food Exports
Effects of Mycotoxins Adverse effects on human health and livestock Blood tests have shown very high percentage of population of several countries in Asia and Africa are exposed to aflatoxins Affect quality Siginificant economic losses
Losses due to Mycotoxins 25% of world food crops are affected annually
Economic Loss in Crops Germination rate Seedling vigour Grain quality
Mycotoxins in Cereals
Fungi that produce Mycotoxins in Sorghum Fungus Mycotoxin Aspergillus flavus Aflatoxins B 1 Penicillium spp. Ochratoxin A Fusarium moniliforme Fusarium proliferatum Fusarium sps Fusarium equiseti F. Moniliforme, F. Oxysporum F. Semitectum, F. Solani, F. Sporotrichiodes Fumonisin B 1 T2-Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol Zearalenone
Fungi that produce Mycotoxins in Pearl Millet Fungus Aspergillus flavus A. Parasiticus Aspergillus ochraceus Fusarium semitectum F. Chlamydosporum F. Chlamydosporum F. Moniliforme Mycotoxin Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A Deoxynivalenol Nivalenol Zearalenone Moniformin
Aflatoxin contamination in India. Groundnut and groundnut byproducts
Introduction Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus /A. parasiticus
Effect of Aflatoxin on Health Human beings and livestock Cattle Poultry Deleterious effects Teratogenic Immunosuppressive Many times enhanced in the presence of hepatitis B and C viruses Carcinogenic
Aflatoxin Contamination in Crops Many crops are affected: Maize, Groundnut, Soybean, Cotton, Chili, and many spices etc.. Aflatoxin can occur at all stages of crop production: Pre-harvest, harvest, and during storage Milk quality
Aflatoxin Contamination Contamination in haulms Small pods not removed Fed to cattle Affect animal health in Crops (contd)
Marketability Limiting factor for exports to developed countries Regulations are stringent 4 µ g/kg <: EU None: Japan
Survey of Aflatoxin in Ananthapur and Chittor Groundnut pods - Farmer s fields Groundnut kernel and cake samples collected from Farmers Oil miller storage Trader s storage Supermarkets Retail shops
Distribution of Aflatoxin Levels in Ananthapur and Pileru (Chittoor) Percent of samples 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ATP PLR <10 10-30 30-100 100-500 >500 Aflatoxin (ug/kg)
Aflatoxin Contamination in Different Mandals of Ananthapur, Andhra Pradesh
Market Samples Crop % Samples >permissible limit (10 µg/kg) % Samples >100 µg/ kg Maize 43 9 Sorghum seed 0 0 Soybean cake 89 0 Groundnut cake 100 76 Groundnut seed 31 15 Cotton cake 100 0
Aflatoxin Levels in Storage Samples - Ananthapur Source No. of samples with aflatoxin (µg/kg) 10-30 31-100 101-500 >500 Farmer storage 1 4 2 1 Traders storage 23 13 27 6 Oil millers storage 32 15 8 9 Insect damaged 9 2 1 8 Groundnut cake 10 0 43 2 Pod with haulms 15 7 0 2
Milk Samples 466 milk samples collected from urban, peri-urban and rural areas of Andhra Pradesh
Incidence and Range of Aflatoxin M 1 in Milk Samples Sample type Raw milk (periurban) No. of samples 0-0.5 0.6-15 No. of samples with AFM 1 content (µg/l) (range) 16-30 31-50 116 8 59 37 12 Raw milk (rural) 236 155 74 3 4 Milk packets 44 28 11 5 0 Powdered milk (g of dry milk/ml of solution) Milk products (g of dry milk/ml of solution) 10 5 5 0 0 10 7 3 0 0 Cow milk 50 33 17 0 0
Buffaloes Milk Milk analyzed from buffaloes fed with haulms/small pods. 22.5% of samples showed >0.5 ng/l of AFM 1
ICRISAT s approach to manage Aflatoxin contamination Genetic resistance Cultural practices Biological control Post harvest technologies Biotechnology
Conclusions Some post-harvest cultural practices, which can lead to minimization of mycotoxin contamination are being tested Focus in some villages of Ananthapur where there is high levels of aflatoxin Most of the farmers and producers were not aware of aflatoxin. A major awareness campaign is going on
Conclusions (contd.) Varieties with lower levels of infection and contamination are being tested in farmers participatory varietal selection There is a need to develop strategies to reduce aflatoxin contamination in groundnut-based animal and poultry feeds.
Conclusions (contd.) Human health issues need to be undertaken A. flavus cause human disease Fungal infections of central nervous system (CNS) Aspergillosis of the CNS is the most common fungal infection in the histologically verified series from India (NIMS report)
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