1 IDENTIFICATION OF COMMONLY USED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN KANGKAR PULAI AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION AS ANTI-DIABETIC ALI ATA ZIDAN ALSARHAN UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
4 IDENTIFICATION OF COMMONLY USED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN KANGKAR PULAI AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION AS ANTI-DIABETIC ALI ATA ZIDAN ALSARHAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Bioscience) Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JULY 2015
iii Specially dedicated goes to: My dear parents My wife My siblings My friends For their love, understanding and support through my endeavour
iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, my unlimited and sincere appreciation goes to ALLAH (SWT) for His endless mercies, blessings and guidance through my life, from birth till now and forever Alhamdullahi Robbi Alamin. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Dean of Faculty Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Prof. Jasmy Bin Yunus, for the provision of laboratory and other facilities during my study. I would like to thank Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, the Research Management Center (RMC) and research grants (GUP Tier 1 05H07, FRGS 4F126) for providing me financial supports to publish my work. I wish to thank SPS for providing me IDF scholarship. My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr. Naznin Sultana and my cosupervisor Dr. Lee Suan Chua for their continued guidance, support and encouragement to ensure this work in a success. I am grateful as well as to my co-supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Rafiq bin Dato' Abdul Kadir. He was always available to provide encouragement, advice and good company. And also I would like to thank all the persons helped and encouraged me to complete my thesis, they are listed on the following: The Malaysian friends and students, they helped me during the interview with people at Kangkar Pulai area, Dr. Ahed Al-Khatib from Jordan University of Science and Technology for the guidance during the experimental studies at Jordan and the supervisor of animal house at Yarmouk University in Jordan. My earnest appreciation also goes to all my friends especially Omar Alshwyyatt and Nayef Al Khawaldeh, they supported me during my study life. To you all I say thank you so much.
v ABSTRACT Medicinal plants have been used as traditional medicines for treatment of diseases such as diabetes mellitus. However, scientific information to support the claims of herbal medicine practitioners based on Use Value (UV) and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) is largely unexplored. The aim of this study is to screen common medicinal plants and to evaluate their traditional use through an ethnopharmacological survey at Kangkar Pulai, Johor, Malaysia. Data were collected from the community through open interviews, determining the relative importance of the species surveyed and calculating the UV and ICF in relation to the medicinal plant uses. A total of 38 plant species belongs to 28 families were documented. Based on the results of ethnopharmacological survey, Orthosiphon stamineus Benth and Momordica charantia L recorded the highest Use Values (0.32 and 0.24) to treat diabetes. The results of antioxidant tests revealed that the total phenolic content (TPC) of O. stamineus is 71.70 ± 0.85 mg (GAE)/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) is 44.71 ± 0.75 mg (CE)/g. Further study was carried out to examine the effects of oral administration of O. stamineus extract in the treatment of diabetes in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups of 10 each. Group A (control) consisted of normal rats receiving 2 ml (10 ml/kg bwt) of normal saline on daily basis, whereas group B consisted of diabetic rats treated with 1 ml (120 mg/kg bwt) of O. stamineus extract. Group C consisted of diabetic rats treated with 1 ml (150 mg/kg bwt) of Metformin. Group D consisted of untreated diabetic rats acted as negative control. Group B, C and D were injected intrapertonially with alloxan (150 mg /kg bwt). Diabetic group B rats treated with O. stamineus extract showed significantly (p <0.05) low blood glucose level compared to group D (untreated diabetic rats). Similarly diabetic group B rats consumed significantly lower daily food and water intake at significant level p <0.05 compared to group D (untreated diabetic rats). Diabetic group B rats treated with O. stamineus extract showed significantly higher body weight at significant level p <0.05 compared to group D (untreated diabetic rats). Diabetic group B rats treated with O. stamineus extract showed lower serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at significant value (p < 0.05) compared with group D (untreated diabetic rats). A significant decrease of total protein, albumin and creatinine was observed in the plasma of group B rats after being treated with O. stamineus extract compared with group D. Additionally, immunohistochemistry results showed that the levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) of group B diabetic rats were brought back to near normal range after being treated with O. stamineus extract at significant value (p < 0.05) compared with group D (untreated diabetic rats). In conclusion, O. stamineus extract exhibited antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thus, the present findings also support the potential use of O. stamineus extract as a remedy for hyperglycemia
vi ABSTRAK Tumbuhan perubatan telah digunakan sebagai ubat-ubatan tradisional untuk merawat penyakit seperti diabetes mellitus. Walaubagaimanapun, maklumat saintifik berdasarkan Nilai Gunaan (UV) dan Persetujuan Pemberi Maklumat (ICF) bagi menyokong dakwaan pengamal perubatan tumbuhan masih belum diterokai. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk meninjau tumbuhtumbuhan perubatan biasa dan untuk menilai penggunaan tradisional mereka melalui kaji selidik ethnopharmacology di Kangkar Pulai, Johor, Malaysia. Data-data telah didapati dari masyarakat melalui temuduga secara langsung, menentukan perbezaan kepentingan spesies yang ditinjau dan mengira Faktor Persetujuan Pemberi Maklumat ( ICF) dan Nilai Gunaan (UV) berhubung penggunaan tumbuhan perubatan. Sebanyak 38 spesies tumbuhan yang dimiliki oleh 28 keluarga telah didokumenkan. Berdasarkan hasil kajian ethnopharmacological, Orthosiphon stamineus Benth dan Momordica charantia L mencatatkan nilai penggunaan yang tertinggi sebagai rawatan penyakit diabetes dengan nilai penggunaan, 0.32 dan 0.24, masing-masing. Keputusan ujian antioksidan menunjukkan ekstrak O. stamineus mengandungi jumlah kandungan fenol (TPC) 71.70 ± 0.85 mg (GAE) / g dan jumlah kandungan flavonoid (TFC) 44.71 ± 0.75 mg (CE)/g. Kajian lanjut telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan pengambilan ekstrak O. Stamineus melalui mulut terhadap rawatan penyakit diabetes pada tikus normal dan diabetes yang disuntik dengan alloxan. Empat puluh ekor tikus telah dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan dengan 10 ekor bagi setiap kumpulan. Kumpulan A terdiri daripada tikus-tikus normal yang menerima 2 ml (10 ml/kg bwt) larutan garam biasa (kawalan) pada setiap hari, manakala kumpulan B terdiri daripada tikus-tikus diabetes yang dirawat dengan 1 ml (120 mg/ kg bwt) ekstrak O. stamineus. Kumpulan C pula terdiri daripada tikus-tikus diabetes yang dirawat dengan 1 ml (150 mg/kg bwt) Metformin. Manakala kumpulan D terdiri daripada tikus-tikus diabetes yang tidak dirawat bertindak sebagai kumpulan kawalan negatif. Kumpulan B, C dan D telah disuntik intraperitoneally dengan Alloxan (150 mg / kg bwt). Tikus-tikus diabetes kumpulan B yang dirawat dengat ekstrak O. stamineus menunjukkan dengan ketara (p <0.05) tahap glukosa darah yang rendah berbanding dengan kumpulan D (tikus-tikus diabetes yang tidak dirawat). Demikian juga tikus-tikus kumpulan B menunjukkan dengan ketara (p <0.05), pengambilan makanan harian dan air yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan kumpulan D (tikus diabetes yang tidak dirawat). Mereka (kumpulan B) juga menunjukkan dengan ketara (p <0.05) berat badan yang lebih tinggi, lebih rendah jumlah kolesterol, trigliserida, kolesterol lipoprotin ketumpatan rendah dan lebih tinggi kolesterol lipoprotin ketumpatan tinggi dalam serum berbanding dengan kumpulan D (tikus diabetes tidak dirawat). Penurunan yang ketara didapati bagi jumlah protein, albumin dan kreatinin dalam plasma tikus-tikus kumpulan B selepas rawatan dengan ekstrak O. stamineus. Selain itu, keputusan immunohistokimia menunjukkan tahap protein kejuthaba 70 (HSP70) dan inducible nitrik oksida sintase (inos) telah dikembalikan kepada julat hampir biasa selepas rawatan dengan ekstrak O. stamineus dalam Kumpulan B pada nilai signifikan (p <0.05) berbanding dengan kumpulan D (tikus-tikus diabetes yang tidak dirawat). Kesimpulannya, ekstrak O. stamineus menunjukkan aktiviti anti-diabetes pada tikus-tikus diabetes yang disuntik Alloxan. Maka oleh kerana itu, penemuan ini juga menyokong potensi penggunaan ekstrak O. stamineus sebagai ubat untuk hiperglisemia.