HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chapter 13 Notes OBJECTIVES HOLE S HA&P CHAPTER THIRTEEN 1. Define hormone. 2. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands. 3. Explain what makes a cell a target cell for a hormone. 4. List some important functions of hormones. 5. Describe how hormones can be classified according to their chemical composition. 6. Explain how steroid and nonsteroid hormones affect their target cells. 7. Discuss how negative feedback mechanisms regulate hormone secretion. 8. Explain how the nervous system controls hormone secretion. 9. Name and describe the locations of the major endocrine glands, and list the hormones that they secrete. 10. Describe the actions of the various hormones and their contributions to homeostasis. 11. Explain how the secretion of each hormone is regulated. 12. Distinguish between physical and psychological stress. 13. Describe the general stress response. 14. Describe some of the changes associated with ageing of the endocrine system. 13.1-13.2 General Characteristics of the Endocrine System Exocrine Endocrine ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 1
Comparing the Nervous and Endocrine Systems Nervous System Endocrine System Cells that produce signal Type of chemical signal Specificity of action Speed of onset Duration of action Types of Hormones Steroid Hormones Non-steroid Hormones Type of Biochemical Molecule Method of action Examples ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 2
Details of Steroid Hormone Action (table 13.4) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Details of Steroid Hormone Action (table 13.4) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 3
13.4 Control of Hormonal Secretions ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 4
HYPOTHALAMUS Structure GHRH SS PRF Hormones PIH TRH CRH GnRH ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 5
Disorders of ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND Structure ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 6
GH PRL TSH Hormones ACTH LH FSH Disorders of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 7
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND Structure ADH Hormones Oxytocin Disorders of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 8
THYROID GLAND Structure T 4 Hormones T 3 Calcitonin Disorders of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 9
PARATHYROID GLAND Structure Hormone PTH Disorders of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 10
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 11
ADRENAL GLAND Structure Epi Hormones (Medulla) Norepi TSH ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 12
Aldosterone Hormones Cortex) Cortisol Adrenal Androgens Disorders of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 13
PANCREAS Structure Glucagon Hormones (Islets) Insulin SS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 14
Disorders of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 15
PINEAL GLAND Structure: a small, oval structure located between the cerebral hemispheres. Hormone Melatonin Disorders of THYMUS GLAND Structure: located in the mediastinum on the surface of the pericardium. Hormone Thymosins Disorders of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 16
GONADS Ovaries and Testes Estrogen Hormone Progesterone Testosterone Disorders of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 17
STRESS!!!! ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 18
Questions: 1. What would be the effect of the fight or flight response to each part of the body? a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 2. Match the exocrine gland with its product milk tears sweat HCl digestive enzymes bile protective oily secretions mucous secretions into semen a. Lacrimal glands b. Prostate gland c. Gastric (stomach) glands d. Sweat glands e. Liver f. Sebaceous glands g. Goblet cells h. Mammary gland i. Exocrine pancreas ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 19
3. Examples of paracrine agents dilates local blood vessels (vasodilator) angiogenic factor peptides many roles: inflammation, reproduction inflammatory response, mast cells clotting factors a. hemostasis (clotting) b. forming blood vessels c. histamine d. prostaglandins e. nitrogen monoxide (NO) 4. Identify the chemical class of each hormone a b c Epinepherine Aldosterone Aldosterone d e f ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 20
5. Which class of hormone steroid (S), peptide (P), or tyrosine derivative (T) is each of these hormones? Hormone Chemical class Hormone Chemical class Insulin Estrogen Epinephrine (adrenalin) Erythropoietin (EPO) FSH and LH Thyroxin (T4) Testosterone Glucagon Thyroid-stimulating hormone Anabolic steroids Growth hormone Melatonin Cortisone, cortisol Oxytocin ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 21
6. Fill-in the blank! a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 7. Which hormone is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? a. aldosterone b. cortisone c. cortisol d. epinephrine 8. The adrenal cortex secretes exclusively hormones. a. peptide b. catecholamine c. steroid d. thyroid 9. The adrenal medulla secretes which hormone? a. aldosterone b. cortisone c. cortisol d. epinephrine 10. The adrenal medulla secretes which type of hormone? a. peptide b. catecholamine c. steroid d. thyroid ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 22
11. The ductless glands that produce hormones are called glands. 12. The cell s ability to respond to a hormone depends upon the presence of specific lock-and-key r proteins. 13. Hormones that are nonpolar, lipid-soluble (can or cannot) cross the membrane? 14. Hormones that are nonpolar, lipid-soluble have receptors where in the cell? 15. Examples of two hormones that are nonpolar, lipid-soluble are and. 16. Hormones that are large and/or lipid insoluble (can or cannot) cross the membrane? 17. Hormones that are large and/or lipid insoluble have receptors where? 18. Examples of hormones that are large and/or lipid insoluble are and. 19. Catecholamnes are a special chemical class of hormones derived from tyrosine. The main catecholamine hormone is. Endocrine control by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 23
20. Hormone levels are controlled by negative feedback loops that operate about points. a. end b. power c. set d. control e. bonus 21. Stimulating (trophic) hormones: Peptide hormones from the anterior pituitary gland stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones. Match the trophic/stimulating hormone with the gland that it regulates. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) luteinizing hormone (LH) in male luteinizing hormone (LH) in female a. Testes testosterone b. Thyroid gland T4 c. Adrenal cortex cortisol d. Corpus luteum/ovary progesterone e. Follicle of ovary estrogen Glucose homeostasis 22. Two principal hormones, from the islet cells of the pancreas, control blood sugar levels. They are from the alpha cells and made by the beta cells of the pancreas. 23. Insulin and glucagon have a/an relationship. a. synergistic (cooperative) b. antagonistic c. independent ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 24
24. Which of the two hormones dominates? Immediately after a meal ( absorptive state ) 8 hours since the last meal ( postabsorptive state ) 25. When blood sugar levels are low, where does the body get the sugar to raise blood glucose levels back to set point? ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 25
26. Fill in this chart from page 507 in your book. 27. Fill in this chart from page 508 in your book. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 26
28. Discuss Diabetes Type I and Type II (in depth). P. 512, 513 in your book. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HA&P Notes Chapter 13 page 27