MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Hello and welcome back to InterpreterPrep.com! We are going to be covering the Male Reproductive System in this presentation. This means we will be talking about the male sexual organs. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM is made up by: 1) THE TESTICLES 2) THE DUCTS 3) THE ACCESSORY GLANDS THE SEMINAL VESICLES PROSTATE COWPERS GLANDS 4) THE PENIS 1) TESTICLES aka TESTES: are 2 walnut size glands located in a pouch-like structure made of skin and muscle called the SCROTUM. In the fetus the testicles are located in the abdomen. Before birth the testicles come down through the inguinal canal (located in the groin) to occupy the scrotum this because testicles need a lower temperature than the rest of the body to make sperm and that's why that happens, they come down to cool down. The testicles are: The primary organs of the male reproductive system where sperm is made and stored inside the testicle in the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They are also endocrine organs because they secrete the male hormones called ANDROGENS (like for example, TESTOSTERONE) into the bloodstream which are responsible for the male SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS like: facial and pubic hair, a deeper voice, larger muscles, etc. 2) DUCTS: the TESTICLE dangles from a cord-like structure called the SPERMATIC CORD. The spermatic cord contains blood vessels, nerves and a duct called the VAS DEFERENS. Now we had mentioned that the sperm was made and stored inside the testicle in the seminiferous tubules. The seminiferous tubes connect to the EPIDIDYMIS which is the place where the sperm mature and the epididymis drains into the VAS DEFERENS which rises into the pelvis through the inguinal canal (groin) where it hooks up to the prostate and where it connects (via the ejaculatory ducts) to the urine tube called the urethra. In other words, during ejaculation, the sperm will travel through this sperm freeway : going through: 1) The epididymis 2) The vas deferens 3) Ejaculatory ducts 4) The urethra-through which they exit the body.
3) ACCESSORY GLANDS: SEMINAL VESICLES: Located behind the bladder the seminal vesicles empty their secretions into the vas deferens. These secretions make up most of the semen. PROSTATE GLAND: The prostate surrounds the urethra and has a duct that discharges its milky secretions into the urethra. Its secretions help neutralize the acidity of the vagina and help the sperm move better. The muscular action of the prostate also helps to squeeze out the semen during ejaculation. COWPERS GLANDS (aka the Bulbourethral glands): provide a lubricating fluid to aid in penetration during intercourse. The sum of the secretions of these 3 glands make up the total volume of semen. A single EJACULATION goes anywhere from 1.5 to 6 cubic centimeters (a teaspoon has 5 cc). 4) PENIS: Is the male organ of COPULATION. It is sausage-shaped and hangs in front of the scrotum. The head of the penis is called the GLANS and is naturally covered by retractable skin known as the FORESKIN unless it has been removed surgically at birth through a procedure known as CIRCUMCISION. The urethra runs throughout the bottom part of the penis and normally opens at the tip of the glans, opening known as: URINARY MEATUS. The body of the penis is made of erectile tissue which means that these tissues fill up with blood in times of sexual excitement, increasing the size and firmness of the penis (ERECTION) making PENETRATION possible. SOME SIGNS OF DISEASE 1) TESTICULAR PAIN 2) ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION aka IMPOTENCE: impossibility to obtain or maintain an erection 3) ITCH 4) ENLARGED TESTICLE 5) PAINFUL URINATION/ BURNING: burning sensation when urinating 6) NOCTURIA: having to get up at night to go to the bathroom frequently 7) DRIBBLING: dripping urine after having stopped urinating 8) WEAK STREAM: means that the urine comes out of penis with less force. 9) FREQUENCY: patient goes to bathroom to urinate more often. 10) URGENCY: need to go NOW! Can't wait! SOME DISEASES 1) BALANITIS: Before we say any more, please remember that the suffix: ITIS = INFLAMMATION. Anything that ends in itis means that it's inflamed. In this case it means that the glans and the skin around it is red and inflamed. 2) CRYPTORCHIDISM: (crypt-or-kid-ism) means that one of the testicles didn't make it down to the scrotum. Remember we had said that in the fetus the testicle is located in the abdomen. This condition needs to be corrected surgically because the testicle that is still up inside is at increased risk to develop testicle cancer.
3) PROSTATITIS : inflammation of the prostate caused by bacterial infection. 4) BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) aka PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY: If you can remember HYPER = MORE and PLASIA = GROWTH it is clear that what's happened is that, over time, the PROSTATE ENLARGES. Since the prostate surrounds the urethra, it starts to get squished! This makes it harder for the bladder to empty its urine into the urethra giving way to symptoms like : STRAINING (increased difficulty to start urinating) A weak stream, dribbling and Frequency, since less urine comes out- leaving more residual urine in the bladderthe bladder fills up again quickly (patient always looking for a bathroom). 5) PROSTATE CANCER: It is the most frequent cancer in men. Second cause of cancer deaths in MEN (#1 is lung cancer). Can give same symptoms as BPH. 6) TESTICULAR CANCER: generally detected as a non-tender lump in a testicle. 7) EPISPADIAS and HYPOSPADIAS: Is a birth defect where instead of the urethra opening at the tip of the penis it opens on the upper side or underside of the penis. 8) EPIDIDYMITIS: Is the inflammation of the epididymis. Generally caused by STDs: like infection by chlamydia for example. It can spread down to the testicle (ORCHITIS). Orchitis is the inflammation of the testicle. Testicle is tender in both conditions. Orchitis can also occur as a complication of Mumps. 9) PHIMOSIS: means that the uncircumcised foreskin is too snug, can't be pulled back. 10) VARICOCELE: means that the veins in the spermatic cord have dilated. Veins may be palpated (scrotum feels like a bag of worms ). 11) HYDROCELE: means there is fluid in the scrotum. 12) TESTICULAR TORSION: testicle suffers a twist and the blood flow to the testicle is compromised (ischemia). Testicle starts to hurt a lot and swells up. Medical Emergency to save testicle by restoring blood supply to testicle. SOME DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 1) RECTAL EXAMINATION: doctor introduces his finger into rectum and is able to feel the prostate through the wall of the rectum and can tell if it's enlarged or if there is an area of hardness in the prostate. 2) LABS: PSA LEVEL: is a blood test to detect a substance produced by the prostate called : PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN. May signal prostate cancer when elevated. Elevated levels of HCG: HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN : seen in some forms of testicular cancer. Also found in pregnancy (woman).
3) RECTAL ULTRASOUND: uses a special TRANSDUCER (part that emits the sound waves) introduced through the rectum to obtain images of the prostate. At the same time a needle biopsy can be done to obtain tissue samples (called an ULTRASOUND-GUIDED BIOPSY)! The needle is guided by ultrasound and passed through the rectum and into the prostate. 4) URINE FLOW STUDIES: patient urinates into a structure that looks like a walker with a toilet bowl attached to it and the speed and strength of the stream of urine can be measured. 5) CYSTOSCOPY: remember when we talked about colonoscopy? Well in this case they use a small scope to go in through the urethra which helps locate obstruction and see the bladder too ( cysto means bladder). 6) BONE SCAN: test done to look for metastasis. 7) SPERMOGRAM: the patient is asked to provide a sample of his semen which is sent for analysis to determine if his sperm has normal form and mobility. Indicated for couples with fertility issues. SOME TREATMENTS 1) CREAMS: that contain corticosteroids and/or antibiotics (to treat balanitis) 2) ANTI-ANDROGENS: block androgens and shrink prostate ( e.g. FINASTERIDE) 3) ALPHA BLOCKERS: act by relaxing smooth muscle (bladder neck) which reduces the obstruction to the flow of urine. Used in BPH. An example of which is the GENERIC DRUG: TAMSULOSIN sold under the BRAND NAME: Flomax is an example. The major SIDE EFFECT of alpha blockers is ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION (person gets dizzy when getting up). 4) TURP (stands for: TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE): Surgeon operates prostate by using a small endoscope (resectoscope) introduced through the urethra. 5) ANTIBIOTICS: used to treat infections (e.g. epididymitis) 6) VASECTOMY: male birth control method. Done by cutting and sealing the vas deferens. Generally not reversible. 7) LEUPROLIDE (Lupron): given in the form of a monthly injection. Reduces production of sexual hormones (androgen and estrogen) and since some tumors depend on these sexual hormones to grow, when they don't get them they shrink or slow their growth. Used for prostate cancer. 8) SURGERY AND RADIATION RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY: Radical when next to a surgery's name means total removal of. Has drawbacks such as impotence and urinary incontinence (involuntary leakage of urine can occur). Prostate surgery can be: - Laparoscopic or - Open (open = regular incision through the skin)
RADIOACTIVE SEEDS: is a form of internal radiation therapy used to treat prostate cancer. It's done by implanting a radioactive substance in the body close to the tumor. All OUTCOMES are better in EARLY STAGE CANCER. The specialist who treats these diseases is called a UROLOGIST. Urologists treat the diseases of the male reproductive system (something like a male gynecologist ) and also the diseases of the urinary system in both men and women. TERMINOLOGY REVIEW 1) TESTICLES: testículos 2) SCROTUM: escroto 3) SPERM: esperma: semen 4) TESTOSTERONE: testosterona 5) DUCTS: conductos 6) SPERMATIC CORD: cordón espermático 7) EPIDIDYMIS: epidídimo 8) VAS DEFERENS : conducto deferente 9) URETHRA: uretra 10) SEMINAL VESICLES: vesículas seminales 11) SEMEN: semen 12) PROSTATE: próstata 13) LUBRICATION: lubricación 14) EJACULATION: eyaculación 15) PENIS: pene 16) GLANS: glande 17) FORESKIN: prepucio 18) CIRCUMCISION: circuncisión 19) ERECTION: erección 20) PENETRATION: penetración 21) TESTICLE PAIN: dolor de testículo 22) ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: impotencia 23) ITCH: comezón 24) ENLARGED TESTICLE: testículo agrandado 25) PAINFUL URINATION: dolor al orinar 26) BURNING: ardor 27) DRIBBLING: goteo 28) WEAK STREAM: chorro débil 29) FREQUENCY: micción frecuente 30) URGENCY: urgencia urinaria, necesidad imperiosa de orinar 31) BALANITIS: balanitis 32) CRYPTORCHIDISM: criptorquidia 33) PROSTATITIS: prostatitis 34) IDIOPATHIC: idiopático, de causa desconocida 35) BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH): (HPB) hiperplasia prostática benigna 36) STRAIN: esforzarse 37) EPISPADIAS: epispadias 38) HYPOSPADIAS: hipospadias
39) EPIDIDYMITIS: epididimitis 40) ORCHITIS: orquitis 41) TENDER: sensible 42) PHIMOSIS: fimosis 43) VARICOCELE: varicocele 44) HYDROCELE: hidrocele 45) TESTICULAR TORSION: torsión de testículo 46) RECTAL EXAMINATION: tacto rectal 47) HARDNESS: dureza 48) LABS: análisis 49) PSA (PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN): antígeno prostático especifico 50) RECTAL ULTRASOUND: ecografía/ ultrasonido transrectal 51) TRANSDUCER: transductor 52) ULTRASOUND-GUIDED BIOPSY: biopsia guiada por ecografía/ ultrasonido 53) URINE FLOW STUDIES: estudios de urodinamia 54) CYSTOSCOPY: cistoscopía 55) CREAMS: cremas 56) ANTIANDROGEN: antiandrógeno 57) BRAND NAME: nombre comercial 58) GENERIC DRUG: medicamento genérico 59) SIDE EFFECT: efecto secundario 60) TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE (TURP): prostatectomía transuretral 61) VASECTOMY: vasectomía 62) RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY: prostatectomía radical 63) OPEN PROSTATECTOMY: prostatectomía abierta 64) RADIOACTIVE SEEDS: braquiterapia, implante radioactivo 65) REMISSION: remisión 66) OUTCOME: resultado 67) EARLY STAGE CANCER: cáncer en estadío inicial 68) SPERMOGRAM: espermograma 69) UROLOGIST: urólogo In this presentation we have gone over many terms related to UROLOGY and REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE while we discussed the anatomy of the male reproductive system. Signs and symptoms of sickness, diseases, diagnostic procedures and some treatments were also discussed. At the end of the presentation a list of 69 related terms were provided in English and the target language for you to review. I hope you've enjoyed this lesson and come away with a better understanding of the field of UROLOGY and REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE and the terms related to these fields of medicine. Thank you for choosing InterpreterPrep.com