CHAPTER PREVIEW (CHAPTER 12 WOODS)

CHAPTER PREVIEW (CHAPTER 12 WOODS) Defining/Explaining Abnormal Behavior Anxiety-Related Disorders Mood-Related Disorders Suicide Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Health and Wellness Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-1

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Behavior that is deviant (atypical) maladaptive (dysfunctional) personally distressing (despair) (Medical model) No Great Genius has ever existed without some touch of madness (Aristotle) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-2

Normal Deviance Personal Distress Maladaptive Behavior Abnormal Abnormal Behavior: Myths and Realities Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Eating Disorders 15-3

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Psychopathology scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders Psychological disorder or mental disorder--a pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of daily life, or both Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-4

Hollywood Versus Reality In The Dark Knight, the Joker takes the image of the insane killer to new heights. As a plot device, the deranged, evil killer on the loose is standard fare in television dramas like CSI and film thrillers like the Halloween and the Friday the 13 th movies. Such media depictions foster the stereotype that people with a mental illness are evil, threatening, and prone to violence an image that is not supported by psychological research. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-5

THEORETICAL APPROACHES Biological Approach: Medical Model disorders with biological origins Psychological Approach experiences, thoughts, emotions, personality Sociocultural Approach social context *Biopsychosocial* Model interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-6

DSM-V (2013) CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC & STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS (5 TH ED.) Advantages provides a common basis for communication helps clinicians make predictions naming the disorder can provide comfort Disadvantages stigma (shame, negative reputation) medical terminology implies internal cause focus on weaknesses, ignores strengths Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-7

Axis I Clinical Syndromes Axis II Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation 1. 6. Anxiety Disorders disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence These This category disorders includes are characterized disorders that by arise physiological before adolescence, signs of anxiety such (for as example, attention palpitations) deficit disorders, and autism, subjective enuresis, and feelings stuttering. of tension, apprehension, or fear. Anxiety may be acute and focused (panic disorder) 2. Organic or continual mental and diffuse disorders (generalized anxiety disorder). 7. Somatoform These disorders disorders are temporary or permanent dysfunctions of brain tissue caused by diseases or chemicals. These Examples disorders are delirium, are dominated dementia, by and somatic amnesia. symptoms that resemble physical illnesses. These symptoms 3. Substance-related cannot be fully accounted disorders for by organic damage. This category includes somatization and conversion disorders This category and refers bypochondriasis. to the maladaptive use of drugs and alcohol. This category requires an abnormal 8. Dissociative pattern of use, disorders as with alcohol abuse and cocaine dependence. 4. Schizophrenia These disorders and all feature other psychotic a sudden, temporary disorders alteration or dysfunction of memory, consciousness, and identity, The schizophrenias as in dissociative are characterized amnesia and by dissociative psychotic symptoms identity disorder. (for example, grossly disorganized behavior, 9. Sexual delusions, and and gender hallucinations) identity disorders and by over six months of behavioral deterioration. This category also There includes are delusional three basic disorder types of and disorders schizoaffective in this category: disorder. gender identity disorders (discomfort with identity 5. Mood as male disorders female), paraphilias (preference for unusual acts to achieve sexual arousal), and sexual dysfunctions The cardinal feature (impairments is emotional in sexual disturbance. functioning). These disorders include major depression, bipolar disorder, 10. Eating dysthymic Disorders disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. Eating disorders are severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight. Examples include anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Abnormal Behavior: Myths and Realities Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Eating Disorders 15-8

ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity over-diagnosed Diagnoses skyrocketed by 2000% from 1988 to 2010. but AD/HD is still underdiagnosed in girls 3 subtypes (Bonus Questions) Primarily hyperactive Primarily inattentive Mixed both hyperactive & inattentive traditionally considered a childhood disorder 2/3rds persist to adulthood Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-9

ANXIETY-RELATED DISORDERS uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive Anxiety- diffuse, vague feelings of fear and apprehension generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder specific phobia social anxiety disorder (Social phobia) Anxiety-related, but not DSM-5 anxiety disorders: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-10

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms persistent anxiety for at least 6 months inability to specify reasons for the anxiety Etiology (Studying causes) biological factors - genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency, respiration psychological and sociocultural factors - harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative thoughts, trauma Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-11

PANIC DISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occur without warning Etiology biological factors: genetic predisposition psychological factors: conditioning to CO2 sociocultural factors: gender differences Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-12

SPECIFIC PHOBIA Diagnosis and Symptoms an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation (e.g., spider phobia) Etiology psychological factors: learned biological factors: genetic disposition Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-13

EXAMPLES OF PHOBIC DISORDERS Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-14

SOME UNUSUAL PHOBIAS Anemophobia: fear of wind Aphephobia: fear of being touched by another person Catotrophobia: fear of breaking a mirror Gamophobia: fear of marriage Phonophobia: fear of the sound of your own voice Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-15

SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER (SOCIAL PHOBIA) Diagnosis and Symptoms intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations Etiology biological factors: genetic disposition neural circuitry serotonin psychological factors: over-protective / rejecting parenting social experiences Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-16

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation Etiology biological factors: genetic predisposition neurotransmitters psychological factors: avoidance learning Example of OCD the beginning of the movie As Good as it Gets http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44dcwslbsnm/ Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-17

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms Symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters Flashbacks avoidance of emotional experiences anxiety, excessive arousal difficulties with memory and concentration impulsive outbursts Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-18

Men have called me mad! But the question is not yet settled, whether madness is or is not the loftiest intelligence whether much that is glorious whether all that is profound does not spring from disease of thought-... (Edgar Allen Poe) Abnormal Behavior: Myths and Realities Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Eating Disorders 15-19

MOOD-RELATED DISORDERS disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state Symptoms may include cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms interpersonal difficulties Types major depressive disorder disthymia Mood-related but not DSM-5 mood disorder: bipolar disorder (I & II) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-20

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) Diagnosis and Symptoms significant depressive episode that lasts for at least two weeks daily functioning is impaired symptoms may include fatigue, sense of worthlessness, reduced interest appetite & sleep disturbance Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-21

SYMPTOMS OF MAJOR DEPRESSION Emotional sadness, hopelessness, guilt, turning away from others Behavioral tearfulness, dejected facial expression, loss of interest in normal activities, slowed movements and gestures, withdrawal from social activities Cognitive difficulty thinking and concentrating, global negativity, preoccupation with death/suicide Physical appetite and weight changes, excess or diminished sleep, loss of energy, global anxiety, restlessness Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-22

Major Depression Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-23

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) Etiology biological factors: genetic disposition underactive prefrontal cortex regulation of neurotransmitters psychological factors: learned helplessness ruminating on negative, self-defeating thoughts pessimistic attribution sociocultural factors poverty gender differences Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-24

BIPOLAR DISORDER Bipolar I and Bipolar II Bipolar I Mood swings from Mania to depression (Charlie Sheen, Edgar Allen Poe,) Mania - Bipolar II - Mood swings from hypomania (low grade mania) to severe depression - Depression is what gets them (Kurt Cobain, Jimi Hendrix) Frequency and separation of episodes usually separated by 6 months to a year Etiology strong genetic component swings in metabolic activity in cerebral cortex levels of neurotransmitters Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-25

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS sudden loss of memory or change in identity Dissociation protection from extreme stress or shock problems integrating emotional memories Types dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder (DID) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-26

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Dissociative Amnesia individuals experience extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress Also known as psychogenic amnesia Memory loss the only symptom Often selective loss surrounding traumatic events person still knows identity and most of their past Can also be global loss of identity without replacement with a new one Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-27

DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE Jay, a high school physics teacher in New York City, disappeared three days after his wife unexpectedly left him for another man. Six months later, he was discovered tending bar in Miami Beach. Calling himself Martin, he claimed to have no recollection of his past life and insisted that he had never been married. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-28

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (DID) (USED TO BE CALLED MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER) Diagnosis and Symptoms the same individual possesses two or more distinct personalities each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and relationships only one personality is dominant at a time Etiology extraordinarily severe abuse in early childhood social contagion mostly women runs in families Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-29

WHAT IS SCHIZOPHRENIA? Comes from Greek meaning split and mind split refers to loss of touch with reality not dissociative state not split personality Trailer from the movie A Beautiful Mind http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=as_d0ayjw4o/ Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-30

SCHIZOPHRENIA highly disordered thought split from reality (psychotic) typically diagnosed in early adulthood high suicide risk Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-31

SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Positive Symptoms hallucinations and delusions thought disorders disorders of movement Negative Symptoms flat affect Poverty of speech anhedonia Cognitive Symptoms attention difficulties and memory problems impaired ability to interpret information and make decisions Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-32

SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Delusions of persecution they re out to get me paranoia Delusions of grandeur God complex megalomania Delusions of being controlled the CIA ( or ET) is controlling my brain with a radio signal Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-33

ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Biological Factors genetic predisposition structural brain abnormalities regulation of neurotransmitters Psychological Factors vulnerability-stress hypothesis Sociocultural Factors influence how disorder progresses Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-34

PERSONALITY DISORDERS chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns Antisocial Personality Disorder Diagnosis and Symptoms guiltless law-breaking, violence, deceit impulsive, irritable, reckless, irresponsible Etiology biological factors (genetic, brain, and ANS differences) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-35

PERSONALITY DISORDERS Borderline Personality Disorder Diagnosis and Symptoms instability in interpersonal relationships & self-image impulsive, insecure, unstable & extreme emotions Etiology genetic childhood abuse irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and that others are hostile Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-36

SUICIDE Prevalence over 38,000 in year 2010 twice as many suicides as homicides in U.S. 3rd leading cause of death in early adolescence Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-37

WHEN SOMEONE IS THREATENING SUICIDE DO... take it seriously. calmly ask simple questions. be a supportive listener. emphasize that the unbearable can be survived. stay with the person until help arrives. encourage to get professional help. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-38

WHEN SOMEONE IS THREATENING SUICIDE DO NOT ignore the warning signs. refuse to talk about it. react with horror or disapproval. lecture judgmentally: You should be thankful offer false assurance everything will be alright. abandon the person once the crisis seems to have passed. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-39

HEALTH AND WELLNESS Stereotypes and Stigma Rosenhan s study - fake psychiatric patients negative attitudes toward mentally ill physical health risk successfully functioning individuals with mental illness reluctant to come out Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-40

Definitions of Existential therapy Broad Definition Existential therapy encourages clients to develop a full comprehension of their personal meanings of life and purpose of existence in a meaningless universe Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-41

CHAPTER REVIEW Define the characteristics, explanations, and classifications of abnormal behavior. Distinguish amongst the various anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Compare disorders involving mood and emotion. Describe the dissociative disorders. Characterize schizophrenia. Identify the behavior patterns typical of personality disorders. Describe suicide and its risks. Explain how psychological disorders affect health, and describe how individuals with disorders can improve their quality of life. quality of life. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-42