THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT ON POSTPARTUM DEPRON: DOES EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE MATTER?? Jennifer Rode, PhD(c), APRN University of Cincinnati DISCLOSURE This study was partially funded by the American Nurses Psychiatric Foundation. The speaker has no other conflicts of interest to disclosure OBJECTIVES Define the 4 branches of Understand the relationship of to social support to postpartum depression Rode 1
BACKGROUND affects up to 19% mothers (Gavin et al., 2005) Implications: guilt, recurrence, physical health status, maternal-infant relations (Beck, 2006; Wisner, 2003; Rozanski et al., 1999; Penninx et al., 2001; Misri & Kendrick, 2008) Risk Factors History of depression, stressful life events, lack of social support (Beck, 2001; Dennis et al., 2004) Interventional Research Focus on social support PROBLEM Social support interventions not working Dennis & Creedy (2004) meta-analysis Why are interventions ineffective Methodology? Moderating factors? EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE 4 Branches (Mayer & Salovey, 1997) 1. Perception, appraisal, expression of emotions 2. Emotional facilitation of thinking 3. Understanding and analyzing emotions 4. Regulation of emotions to promote thought Literature Utilization of (Lopes, 2003; Brackett, 2005) Social network size (Lumley et al., 1996) Relationship quality (Schutte et al., 2001; Brackett et al., 2005 Social skills (Brackett et al., 2006) Rode 2
THEORETICAL MODEL REVISITING PREVIOUS LITERATURE H2 H1 INTRODUCING EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE H4 H2 H1 Rode 3
METHODOLOGY Longitudinal web-based design Time 1 Time 2 Recruitment Sample N=206 (170) INSTRUMENTS Instruments ful Life Events Questionnaire (Norbeck, 1984) Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire (1981) Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (Beck, 2000) Cronbach alpha =.95 MSCT (Mayer et al., 2003) Cronbach alpha =.74 Measurement model RMSEA =.06 CFI = 96 RESULTS -0.23** -.16* n/s; -.26* -.17* -.18* (.137).22** Rode 4
IMPLICATIONS Previous literature supported effects What does this mean? REFERENCES Beck, C.T. and Gable, R.K. (2000). Postpartum Depression Screening Scale: Development and psychometric testing. Nursing Research, 49 (5), 272-282. Beck, C. T. (2001). Predictors of postpartum depression: An update. Nursing Research, 50(5), 275-285. Beck, C.T. (2006). Postpartum Depression: It isn t just the blues. American Journal of Nursing, 106 (5), 40-50. Brackett, M.A., Warner, R.M., Bosco, J.S. (2005). Emotional intelligence and relationship quality among couples. Personal Relationships, 12, 197-212. Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., Shiffman, S., Lerner, N., & Salovey, P. (2006). Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 780-795. 795 Dennis, C-L. and Creedy, D.K. (2004). Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, 4, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001134.pub2. Dennis, C-L., Janssen, P.A. and Singer, J. (2004). Identifying women at risk for postpartum depression in the immediate postpartum period. Acta PsychiatriaScandinavica, 110 (5), 338-346. Lopes, P.N., Salovey, P. and Straus, R. (2003). Emotional intelligence, personality, and the perceived quality of social relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 35 (3), 641-658. Lumley, M.A., Ovies, T., Settner, L., Wehmer, F and Lakey, B. (1996). Alexithymia, social support, and health problems. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41 (6), 519-530. REFERENCES Mayer, J.D. and Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P.Salovey and D.J. Sluyter (Eds.) Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence. New York: Basic Books. Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D.R. and Sitarenios, G. (2003). Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCT V2.0. Emotion, 3 (1), 97-105. Misri, S. and Kendrick, K. (2008). Perinatal depression, fetal bonding, and mother-child attachment: a review of the literature. Current Pediatric Reviews, 4, 66-70. Norbeck, J.S., Lindsey, A.M. and Carrieri, V.L. (1981). The development of an instrument to measure social support. Nursing Research, 30, 264-269. Norbeck, J.S. (1984). Modification of a recent life event questionnaire for use with female respondents. Research in Nursing and Health, 7, 61-71. Penninx, B.W.J.H, Beekman, A.T.F., Honig, A., Deeg, A.J.H., Schoevers, R.A., van Eijk, J.T.M. and van Tilberg, W. (2001). Depression and cardiac mortality: Results from a communitybased longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 221-227. Rozanski, A., Blumenthal, J.A. and Kaplan, J. (1999). Impact of psychological factors on the parthenogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for practice. Circulation, 99, 2192-2217. Schutte, N.S., Malouff, J.M., Bobik, C., Coston, T.D., Greeson, C., Jedlicka, C Wendorf, G. (2001). Emotional intelligence and interpersonal relations. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141 (4), 523-536. Wisner, K.L. (2003). Postpartum disorders: phenomenology, treatment approaches, and relationship to infanticide, p. 35-60. In Spinelli, M.G. (Ed.) Infanticide: Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives on Mothers Who Kill. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Publishing. Rode 5