Atlas of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Atlas of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Atlas of Rheumatoid Arthritis Professor Paul Emery, Editor

Published by Springer Healthcare Ltd, 236 Gray s Inn Road, London, WC1X 8HB, UK. www.springerhealthcare.com 2015 Springer Healthcare, a part of Springer Science+Business Media. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-907673-90-0 ISBN 978-1-907673-91-7 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-907673-91-7 Although every effort has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are presented accurately in this publication, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Neither the publisher nor the authors can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of the information contained herein. Any product mentioned in this publication should be used in accordance with the prescribing information prepared by the manufacturers. No claims or endorsements are made for any drug or compound at present under clinical investigation. Project editor: Katrina Dorn

Contents Contributors list ix Editor biography: Professor Paul Emery xi Part one Rheumatoid Arthritis Overview 1 Classification of rheumatoid arthritis 1 References 19 2 Pre-rheumatoid arthritis 21 What is pre-rheumatoid arthritis? 21 Risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis 21 Systemic autoimmunity associated with rheumatoid arthritis 22 Symptoms without clinical arthritis 23 Unclassified arthritis 23 References 32 3 Early rheumatoid arthritis 35 Introduction 35 Pathology in early rheumatoid arthritis 37 Diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis 37 Classification of rheumatoid arthritis 40 Management of early rheumatoid arthritis 40 Recommendations for the management of early rheumatoid arthritis 44 References 63 Atlas of Rheumatoid Arthritis v

4 Established rheumatoid arthritis 67 Introduction 67 Stages of established rheumatoid arthritis 69 Common clinical presentations 72 References 88 5 Remission and rheumatoid arthritis 89 Introduction 89 Defining remission 90 Imaging remission 92 Immune-mediated remission 95 Drug-free remission 96 Optimal dose reduction regimes for patients in remission 98 References 117 Part TWO Imaging of Rheumatoid Arthritis 6 magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis 123 Introduction 123 Technical aspects 123 Visualizing rheumatoid arthritis 124 Diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis 125 Monitoring disease activity and structural damage 126 References 136 vi Contents

7 Ultrasound imaging in rheumatoid arthritis 139 Introduction 139 Ultrasound and rheumatoid arthritis 140 Cartilage damage 142 Management of rheumatoid arthritis with ultrasound: diagnosis, therapeutic follow-up, remission, and flare 142 Conclusion 143 References 151 8 Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in rheumatoid arthritis 155 Introduction 155 Bone remodeling in rheumatoid arthritis 155 Bone damage imaging in rheumatoid arthritis 156 Treatment of bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis 159 References 170 Part three Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis 9 Methotrexate 175 Introduction 175 Historical perspective 175 Mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics 176 Dosing 177 Benefits 177 Atlas of Rheumatoid Arthritis vii

Monitoring 178 References 190 10 Immunotherapy 193 Introduction 193 Nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs 194 Biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs 196 Cost-effectiveness of immunotherapy in early rheumatoid arthritis 202 Recommendations for the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapies 203 Safety of immunotherapy 204 Prospective new targets for immunotherapy 205 References 225 11 Rituximab 231 B-cell development and differentiation 231 Efficacy of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis 232 References 246 12 Novel therapies in rheumatoid arthritis: small molecules 249 Introduction 249 Inhibiting intracellular signaling pathways 252 Conclusion 255 References 263 viii Contents

Contributors Graciela S Alarcón Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA Daniel Aletaha Division of Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria Mette Bjørndal Axelsen Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark Mikael Boesen The Parker Institute Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark Maya H Buch Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine University of Leeds; NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds, UK Maria Antonietta D Agostino Ambroise Paré Hospital University Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint- Quentin-en-Yvelines Boulogne-Billancourt, France Atul Deodhar Division of Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon, USA Sarah C Horton Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine University of Leeds; NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds, UK Tom WJ Huizinga Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, The Netherlands Thomas J Learch Division of Imaging Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California, USA Jackie L Nam Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine University of Leeds; NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds, UK Mikkel Østergaard Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark Atlas of Rheumatoid Arthritis ix

Monique Reijnierse Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, The Netherlands Benazir Saleem Rheumatology Department York Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust York, UK David Sandoval Seattle, Washington, USA Josef S Smolen Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria Wouter Stomp Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, The Netherlands Michael H Weisman Division of Rheumatology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California, USA Annette hm van der Helmvan Mil Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, The Netherlands Ed Vital Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine University of Leeds; NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds, UK x Contributors

Editor biography Professor Paul Emery is the Arthritis Research UK Professor of Rheumatology and Director of the Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and the Director of the Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit at Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust in Leeds, United Kingdom. Professor Emery was the President of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) from 2009 2011 and has served on the editorial boards major rheumatology journals including Rheumatology, Arthritis and Rheumatism, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, and Clinical Rheumatology. He was the inaugural President of International Extremity MRI Society (ISEMIR) and is a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator. Professor Emery is a recipient of the Roche Biennial Award for Clinical Rheumatology; the Rheumatology Hospital Doctor of the Year Award; the EULAR Prize for outstanding contribution to rheumatology research; and the Carol Nachman Prize for outstanding rheumatology research. Professor Emery s research interests center around the immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, and connective tissue diseases. He has a special interest in the factors leading to persistent inflammation and has published over 950 peer-reviewed articles in this area. Atlas of Rheumatoid Arthritis xi