Use of Indigofera zollingeriana as Forage Protein Source in Dairy Goat Ration L. Abdullah, D. Apriastuti & T. Apdini Bogor Agricultural University Indonesia
Introduction Economical prospect of dairy goat business in Indonesia High price on-farm US $ 2,55-3,06 per liter Feed cost-milk price ratio = 1 : 3-4 Increase farmer income (Rp. 4.215.000/month for 5 lactating does) Increase national goat milk population 11.2% within 2005-2007 (DGLAH statistic, 2008)
Significant Problem in Dairy Goat Production System Milk production still low only 45-73% of genetik potential (average 1.5-1.8 L/day/head) Low quality of feed at farmer level Based on non perishable local forage (easy to be rot, bulky, difficult to transport) Forage protein supply (<7-11%) to low for dairy goat Concentrate cost increase high import feed stuffs (for protein source)
Strategic Approach Increase supply and use of high quality forage (legume) like Indigofera Improve utility value of high quality forage Business/industry development for high quality forage, based on local species
Indigofera zollingeriana High forage production Easy to grow High reproductive High quality forage Drought stress tolerant Improve soil P and N
Nutrition Value of Indigofera Leaf Water content: 10-12% Crude protein : 27-31% Crude fat : 2,9-3,4% Crude fiber : 13-14% NDF : 47-61% ADF : 21-39% Cellulose : 11-16% Lignin : 10-24% Essential amino acid TDN : 75%-78% IV-DM digestibility : 78-80% IV-Protein digestibility : 86,32% Condensed Tannin 0,027% Saponin : 2,24% Ca : 1.78% P : 0.34% K : 1.42% Mg : 0.51%
Indigofera Plantation Model
Foliar fertilizer preparation : mixed with goat urine (1.25L) and mineral nutrient solution (8.75L)
Forage harvesting, let the trunk height 1 m for regrowing
Indigofera forage production Parameters Foliar fertilizer application (g/10l) 0 10 20 30 40 50 Forage production (ton DW/ha/year) 38.6c 43.0 49.8a 51.6a 43.4b 44.4b Percentage of leaf shoots (%) 16.9b 13.1c 19.3a 20.9a 14.8bc 16.3b Leaf-stem ratio 2.38b 2.68ab 2.75a 2.93a 2.44b 2.38b Source : Abdullah et al., 2010
Number of active twig Branching dynamics of Indigofera (Abdullah, 2010) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0.75 m 1.00 m 1.50 m 0 2 4 6 8 10 Defoliation (times)
Forage production ton (DW/ha/harvest) Forage Production Dynamics of Indigofera (Abdullah, 2010) 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 0.75 m 1.00 m 1.50 m 0 2 4 6 8 10 Defoliation (times)
Hay and Pellet making from Indigofera leaf
Water content (%) Indigofera leaf is easy to be dried 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 70oC 55oC 40oC Mth 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Drying time (hour)
Pelleted Product INDIGOFEED Easy feed serving, conserved quality, ease in distribution, efficient storage
Water content (%) Water content (%) Water content of Indigofera leaf after pelleting 14 10.5 12 10 10 9.5 8 9 6 4 2 8.5 8 0 3 mm 5 mm 8 mm Pellet diameter 7.5 7 15 30 60 Storage time (days)
Durability (%) Durability (%) Density (kg/m3) Density (kg/m3) 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 Physical properties of Indigofera leaf pellet 0 7 15 30 60 Storage time (days) 3 mm 5 mm 8 mm Diameter pelet 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.31 96.0 95.5 95.0 94.5 94.0 93.5 93.0 92.5 3 mm 5 mm 8 mm Pellet diameter 0 7 15 30 60 Diameter pelet
SIMPLE FEEDING TRIAL OF INDIGOFERA
Objectives To improve nutrient content of ration at farm level, particularly protein content To improve milk production and milk production persistency during a month before dry period
Materials and Method 2 groups of does : Saanen (third lactation period) Etawah cross (2 nd lactation period) Feeds 60% elephant grass + 40% commercial concentrate (CF) daily feed of the farm 60% elephant grass + 40% pellet Indigofera leaf (PIF) Feeding Feeds were given during a month prior end of lactation
Parameters Milk production (amonth prior dry period), Feed digestibility, Feed efficiency and Protein use efficiency
Nutrition composition of trial feeds Feedstuffs CF PIF Elephant grass (%) 60 60 Commercial concentrate 40 0 Pellet Indigofera 0 40 Total 100% 100% Dry matter (%) 48.25 48.85 Ash (%) 8.31 7.82 Crude protein (%) 12.76 17.23 Crude fiber (%) 32.01 28.56 Crude fat (%) 2.35 1.91 Non N extract materials 33,94 34,81 TDN 56,98 65,77
Feeding and in vivo experiment
Results Feed DM digestibility (%) Feed efficiency (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 CF PIF CF PIF 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 CF PIF CF PIF Saanen Etawah Crossbred Saanen Etawah Crossbred CF = 60% elephant grass + 40% commercial concentrate PIF = 60% elephant grass + 40% pellet Indigofera leaf
Results Feed conversion (kg feed/l milk) Protein use eficiency (%) 7 8 6 7 5 4 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 0 CF PIF CF PIF Saanen Etawah Crossbred 2 1 0 CF PIF CF PIF Saanen Etawah Crossbred CF = 60% elephant grass + 40% commercial concentrate PIF = 60% elephant grass + 40% pellet Indigofera leaf
Results 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Milk production (ml/day) A month prior dry period CF PIF CF PIF Saanen Etawah Crossbred 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Feed cost (US $/L milk) CF PIF CF PIF Saanen Etawah Crossbred CF = 60% elephant grass + 40% commercial concentrate PIF = 60% elephant grass + 40% pellet Indigofera leaf
Milk production a moth prior dry period CF Etawah cross (k=-0.32) PIF Etawah cross (k=3.54) CF Saanen (k=-8.57) PIF Saanen (k=-2.85)
Conclusions Use of Indigofera in dairy goat ration Improved nutrition content of does ration Improved feed efficiency and Reduced feed cost Improved milk production and its persistency a month prior to dry period
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Microbiological observation on Pellet Indigofera at 30 days storage Ukuran Pelet (mm) Jenis mikroba Nama Mikrobes 3 Fungi Rhizopus sp. 5 Aspergillus parasiticus Rhizopus sp. Mucor sp. 8 Rhizopus sp. 3 Bakteri Bacillus sp. & Staphylococcus (TPC 5,6x10-5) 5 Bacillus sp. (TPC 4,8 x 10-5) 8 Bacillus sp. (2 species) TPC 3,6 x 10-4)