Respiration Energy is everything!
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Cellular energy is tied up in the form of Chemical energy. Glycolysis, acid fermentation, alcohol fermentation, and the Krebs Cycle are all methods of changing energy from food into ATP, the most widely used form of cellular energy. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is basically the same as the adenine in RNA with three phosphates attached to it. It is very versatile with most enzymes that require energy using ATP as their source. It is not however storable in its molecular form due to its high instability.
Glycolysis is the first step in respiration or fermentation and is used as a process for making ATP in all known organisms. Glycolysis requires an initial energy input, it breaks two ATP into ADP.
Glycolysis by steps (in eukaryotes) 1. Two ATP are broken into ADT and Pi, The energy from these two ATP are used to break the sugar into two three carbon sugars and bind them to a phosphate group which prevents them from escaping the mitochondria 2. A series of enzymes alters the three carbon chain releasing energy and phosphates to make 4 ATP and turning two NAD+ and two H+ along with two high energy electrons from the (2) three carbon chains into two NADH. Glycolysis= -2 ATP + 4ATP + 2NADH= 2ATP + 2 NADH is the total payoff. The NADH will later be used to make ATP in the electron transport chain (ETC)
Fermentation Glycolysis is the first step in fermentation in all cases. The two Pyruvic acids can then be turned into lactic acid or alcohol but requires the two NADH that were made in Glycolysis be broken back down. Lactic Acid fermentation results in Lactic acid as the end product. Alcohol Fermentation results in ethanol and carbon dioxide as an end product
LE 9-17a 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 CO 2 2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde Alcohol fermentation
LE 9-17b 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP Glucose Glycolysis 2 NAD + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 2 Pyruvate CO 2 2 Lactate Lactic acid fermentation
Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle is used to harvest the energy in sugar and convert it into forms that are useful at the cellular level net reaction for the Krebs Cycle is C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O The Krebs cycle also requires glycolysis but then takes the pyruvates and harvests energy from them in the Krebs Cycle. The reaction proceeds as follows
1. One carbon is removed from the pyruvic acid in the form of CO 2 2. The two carbon chain is then altered and bound to an existing four carbon compound to make a six carbon compound 3. The six carbon compound gives off a carbon in the form of CO 2 and a five carbon compound and an NADH is produced 4. The five carbon compound then gives off another carbon in the form of CO 2 creating a four carbon chain and an NADH and an ATP are produced 5. The four carbon chain then releases another NADH and an FADH 2 while turning into the four carbon chain necessary to recombine with the two carbon chain necessary to restart the cycle.
LE 9-12_1 Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidation phosphorylation ATP ATP ATP Acetyl CoA H 2 O Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle
LE 9-12_2 Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidation phosphorylation ATP ATP ATP Acetyl CoA H 2 O Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle CO 2 NAD + NADH + H + α-ketoglutarate NAD + CO 2 Succinyl CoA NADH + H +
LE 9-12_3 Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidation phosphorylation ATP ATP ATP Acetyl CoA H 2 O Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle CO 2 NAD + Fumarate NADH + H + α-ketoglutarate FADH 2 FAD NAD + CO 2 Succinate GTP GDP P i Succinyl CoA NADH + H + ADP ATP
LE 9-12_4 Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidation phosphorylation ATP ATP ATP Acetyl CoA NADH + H + H 2 O NAD + Oxaloacetate Malate Citrate Isocitrate H 2 O Citric acid cycle CO 2 NAD + NADH Fumarate + H + α-ketoglutarate FADH 2 FAD NAD + CO 2 Succinate GTP GDP P i Succinyl CoA NADH + H + ADP ATP
Only one ATP is directly made per pyruvic acid in the Krebs cycle. The rest of the ATP that will be produced is created by an electron transport chain that harvests energy from electrons given up by NADH and FADH 2 NADH and FADH 2 both act as nothing more than energized electron carriers. They do not make ATP directly. They give up their electrons to an electron transport chain on the mitochondrial membrane and those electrons create a hydrogen gradient which ATP Synthase can then use to create ATP. NADH electrons are more energetic and therefore travel a longer distance on the electron transport chain allowing them to pump more hydrogen and claim responsibility for a 50% higher ATP production.
FADH 2 electrons do not travel the full electron chain and therefore do not create nearly as much ATP. amount of energy rich ATP made during respiration through the Krebs Cycle is The total Glycolysis= 2 NADH = 6ATP 2 ATP = 2ATP Krebs Cycle= 1 ATP= 1 ATP= 2 ATP 4 NADH per pyruvic = 12 ATP= 24ATP 1 FADH 2 per pyruvic = 2 ATP= 4 ATP 38 ATP
Glycolysis plus the Krebs Cycle is by far the most efficient means of turning sugar into ATP but it requires oxygen. Fermentation, using the same sugar only yields 2 ATP this means that respiration is 18 times more efficient than fermentation Fermentation s advantage is that it does not require any oxygen to occur.