Part A: Multiple Choice Questions Value: 32 Marks Suggested time: 40 minutes Instructions: For each question select the best answer and record your choice on the Scantron card provided. Using an HB pencil, completely fill in the circle that has the letter corresponding to your answer. Use the following diagram to answer the next question. 1. In the diagram above, pressure filtration occurs in a. W b. X c. Y d. Z 2. The composition of the glomerular filtrate in a healthy person is identical to plasma, except for the amount of a. salt b. protein c. glucose d. carbon dioxide 3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) has an effect on the a. glomerulus b. loop of Henle c. collecting duct d. proximal tubule 1
Use the following diagram to answer the next 4 questions. 4. Which structure has a higher solute concentration in the extra-cellular space than normal? a. W b. X c. Y d. Z 5. Which structure(s) will urine flow through? a. U and V b. X c. Y d. W and Z e. X and Z 6. Which of the following statements comparing blood in U to blood in V is true? a. the concentration of urine is higher in U b. the concentration of oxygen is lower in V c. the concentration of glucose is higher in V d. the concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in V. 7. A function of the structure labelled Y is to a. collect urine c. adjust the ph of the blood b. protect the kidney d. supply blood to the kidney 8. The tube that carries urine out of the bladder is the a. ureter c. distal tubule b. urethra d. collecting duct 9. As filtrate moves through the nephron it becomes increasingly hypertonic because of the a. diffusion of glucose b. pressure filtration of the blood c. active transport of sodium ions d. re-absorption of bicarbonate ions 10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the glomerulus? a. It is composed of capillaries b. It surrounds the Bowman s capsule c. Its blood pressure promotes filtration d. It is connected to arterioles at both ends. 2
Use the following diagram to answer the next 3 questions. 11. A function of the structure labelled R is a. collect urine c. reabsorb glucose b. excrete sodium d. bring urea to the nephron 12. Which of the labelled structures in the diagram above responds to ADH (antidiuretic hormone?) a. W b. X c. Y d. Z1 and Z2 13. The process that occurs at S is a. tubular excretion c. re-absorption of water b. pressure filtration d. selective re-absorption 14. Aldosterone is secreted by the a. testes b. nephron c. adrenal cortex d. posterior pituitary 15. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the a. kidneys c. anterior pituitary b. pancreas d. posterior pituitary 16. The movement of urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is a function of the a. ureter b. urethra c. renal pelvis d. collecting duct 17. The GREATEST salt concentration in the kidney is found in the a. glomerulus b. renal pelvis c. renal cortex d. renal medulla 3
18. In a healthy person, the following substances enter the kidneys via the renal arteries in the amounts shown: Urea (grams/day) Glucose (grams/day) Water (litres/day) 54 180 180 Which of the following describes the amounts of each substance leaving the kidneys in the renal veins? Urea (grams/day) Glucose (grams/day) Water (litres/day) a.. 10 100 170 b. 24 180 178 c. 54 178 177 d. 70 180 180 19. Consuming alcohol inhibits the release of a hormone, resulting in the production of dilute urine. This occurs because the alcohol is affecting the a. thyroid gland c. adrenal medulla b. adrenal cortex d. posterior pituitary 20. Low blood pressure is detected by the a. glomerulus c. juxtaglomerular apparatus b. liver d. distal convoluted tubule. 21. Which of the following would cause increased water re-absorption by the kidneys? a. increased blood volume c. decreased blood pressure b. increased cardiac output d. decreased ADH secretion 22. The loop of Henle is found in the a. ureter b. urethra c. renal pelvis d. renal medulla 23. A urologist has to use a scope to examine the urinary system. In order to avoid cutting through tissue, what is the order of structures the scope will pass in the examination? a. renal pelvis collecting duct urethra bladder ureter b. ureter urethra bladder renal pelvis collecting duct c. urethra bladder ureter renal pelvis collecting duct d. bladder collecting duct ureter renal pelvis urethra 24. Which of the following will cause the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium ions? a. a decrease in blood pressure b. an increase in the volume of blood c. constriction of the afferent arterioles d. a decrease in the amount of ADH secreted 4
25. If a drop in the ph of the blood occurs, the kidneys will a. increase the absorption of urea b. decrease the absorption of sodium ions c. decrease the secretion of hydrogen ions d. increase the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions Use the following information to answer the next question. 1. proximal tubule 2. renal artery 3. collecting duct 26. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures from highest to lowest concentration of urea? a. 2,1,3 b. 2,3,1 c. 3,1,2 d. 3,2,1 27. Uric acid is a waste produced during the breakdown of nucleic acids. Higher than normal levels of uric acid that build up in the joints indicate a malfunction of the a. lungs b. colon c. kidneys d. pancreas e. liver 28. Damage to the glomerulus could lead to the presence of a. excess glucose in the urine b. red blood cells in the filtrate c. an increase of urea in the renal cortex d. a decrease of nitrogenous wastes in the filtrate 29. Which of the following structures would have cells with the greatest concentration of mitochondria in their cytoplasm? a. glomerulus c. Bowman s capsule b. collecting duct d. proximal convoluted tubule 30. When proteins are broken down, urea is produced and enters the blood plasma. Which of the following processes would account for the presence of urea in the nephron? a. pressure filtration at the glomerulus b. tubular excretion in the distal tubule c. active transport in the collecting duct d. facilitated transport at the proximal tubule 5
Part B: Written Response Questions Value: 12 marks Suggested Time: 20 minutes Instructions: Be sure to indicate which version of the test you are writing! Use a pen for this part of the exam. Write your answers in complete sentences on the lined paper provided for this purpose. 1. List TWO substances that are selectively reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. (1 mark : ½ mark each) 2. List TWO substances that are excreted at the distal convoluted tubule of a nephron. (1 mark: ½ mark each) 3. What effect does increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on urine production? (1 mark) 4. Give two functions each of the following urinary system structures. (6 marks) a. Kidney b. Collecting duct c. Proximal tubule 6
5. Describe two characteristics that assist the Loop of Henle in its function. (2 marks) 6. From the diagram above, describe the environment within the structure Y. (1 marks) 7
Part C: Labelling. Label the following diagram. (8 marks total) 1. Nephron. Label P Y ( ½ mark each 5 marks total) 2. Kidney. ( ½ mark each 3 marks total) 8
Part D: Open book Synthesis Questions. If you need to, write your answer on lined paper using a dark pen or pencil. Be sure that your answer is organized, CONCISE and legible. (total 10 marks) Version A: 1. For some reason, you are experiencing a shortage of NaCl in your diet. Your kidney function is greatly affected. Describe how the normal function of the kidney would be affected at each of these 5 stages of urine development: glomerular filtration, tubular re-absorption, concentration of urine by the loop of Henle, tubular secretion, and reabsorption of water at the collecting duct. (2 marks each stage - 10 marks total.) 9
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Part D: Open book Synthesis Questions. If you need to, write your answer on lined paper using a dark pen or pencil. Be sure that your answer is organized, CONCISE and legible. (total 10 marks) Version B: One form of diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin in the blood. This results in an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood. Describe how the normal functioning of the nephron would be affected at each of these 5 stages of urine development: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, concentration of urine by the loop of Henle, tubular secretion, and reabsorption of water at the collecting duct. (10 marks) 11
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