Energy in the Cell ATP= Most commonly used energy in the cell Adenosine triphosphate - Adenosine with 3 phosphate molecules attached Origins of ATP Mitochondria convert food energy (i.e. carbohydrates) to ATP A working muscle cell spends and recycles up to 10 million ATP molecules per second
ATP & Energy Energy is required to hold ATP molecules together phosphate molecules are polar and are trying to repel one another When ATP bonds are broken, energy is released ATP energy is used for metabolism and all other bodily processes Benefits of ATP Cell does not need to store excess energy As long as have phosphate, have unlimited energy Energy is renewable in this case In a pinch, ADP can be used for energy
aka Cellular Respiration
Introduction: Muscles are attached to bones. As your muscles contract they move the bones to which they are attached. This in turn allows your body to move and do work. Working your muscles requires energy. This energy is the result of cellular respiration and may lead to the buildup of lactic acid, which in turn causes fatigue. The muscles that open and close your hand are located in your forearm. The number of times you can open and close your hand indicates the amount of work these muscles can do
Procedure: 1.Prepare a data table similar to the one shown. 2.Rest your elbow on the table. Open and close your hand rapidly and forcefully, counting the number of times you can do this in 30 seconds. Record your results in the space provided. 3.Rest for 10 seconds. During this time, record your results. 4.Repeat steps 2 and 3 nine more times. Record each of your results in the space provided. 5.Rest for five (5) minutes. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 two more times and record your results. Trial # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ability to Do Work 5 Minute Rest
Analysis and Conclusion Questions 1. How did your results change over time? 2. What effect did repeating the exercise over time have on the muscle group? 3. As you repeated the exercise over time, how did your muscles feel? 4. What physiological factors are responsible for fatigue? 5. How well do you think your fatigued muscles would work after 30 minutes of rest? 6. Apply this concept to some other type of muscular work you do every day. Examples include tapping your foot to keep beat in band, lifting weights for football, or running for soccer.
General Overview Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is a product of photosynthesis Sunlight 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Chlorophyll Glucose is a basic food for all living things Glucose contains so much energy, the cell would die if all the energy were released at one time
General Overview Cellular respiration is the release of this energy a little bit at a time C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O Energy
Glycolysis Breaking of the glucose Occurs in the cytoplasm Glucose Glycolosis Converts the 6-carbon sugar into two 3-carbon compounds called pyruvates Anaerobic respiration (no oxygen) Produces 2 energy molecules
Glucose Glycolosis Aerobic Kreb Cycle Occurs in the mitochondria Produces lots of Energy Requires oxygen Electron Transport Chain
Glucose Glycolosis No oxygen required Organisms in low O 2 environments Anaerobic Organisms low on O 2 Produces small amounts of energy Fermentation Lactic Acid Alcohol
Glucose Glycolosis Aerobic Anaerobic Kreb Cycle Fermentation Electron Transport Chain Lactic Acid Alcohol
aka Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Complementary processes Both reactions must occur for organisms to have usable energy Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Chloroplast/Cytoplasm Food accumulated Energy from light Stores energy Cellular Respiration Mitochondria Food broken down Energy from chemical bonds Releases energy Reactants: CO 2, H 2 O Reactants: Glucose and O 2 Products: Glucose, O 2 Products: CO 2, H 2 O Only in presence of light Requires chlorophyll Occurs day and night Occurs in all living cells