Amerin-Eursin J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 4 (2): 156-164, 2008 ISSN 1818-6769 IDOSI Pulitions, 2008 Prtil Repling of Conentrte Feed Mixture y Potto Proessing Wste in Sheep Rtions M.A. Twil, H.A.A Omer nd Swsn M. Gd Animl Prodution Deprtment, Ntionl Reserh Centre, Dokki, Giz, Egypt Astrt: Two trils were rried out to investigte the effet of prtil sustitution of onentrte feed mixture (CFM) with potto peel wste (PPW) in sheep rtion on In vitro nd In vivo digestiility. In the first tril, hemil omposition long with In vitro dry mtter dispperne (IVDMD) nd In vitro orgni mtter dispperne (IVOMD) were determined for CFM, PPW nd Penut vines hy (PVH). Three omintions were prepred to ontin 50% PVH nd the reminder from oth CFM nd / or PPW. Potto peel wste ws used to reple 0, 25 nd 50% of CFM in omintions 1, 2 nd 3, respetively. Both IVDMD nd IVOMD were determined lso in these omintions. In the seond tril fifteen mture mle Ossimi sheep of out 63 kg live ody weight were divided into three experimentl groups, eh of five nimls. The ontrol rtion (R 1 ) omposed of 50% CFM nd 50% PVH, while PPW ws used to reple 25 or 50% of CFM (W/W) in (R 2nd R 3), respetively. The results showed tht, rude protein (CP) ontent of PPW ws omprle to tht of CFM. The higher rude fier (CF) ontent ws oserved with PVH, while PPW showed the lowest CF ontent. The IVDMD nd IVOMD for CFM, PPW nd PVH were 58.4 & 63.75, 85.38 & 88.70 nd 58.70 & 63.05%, respetively. The vlues of IVDMD nd IVOMD of different omintions were rnged from 67.23 to 70.13 for IVDMD nd from 68.57 to 72.5% for IVOMD. In the seond tril, the results showed tht there were no signifint differenes mong the experimentl rtions onerning dry mtter nd wter intkes, however totl digestile nutrients (TDN) nd digestile rude protein (DCP) intkes were tended to signifint deresing (P<0.05) with inresing the level of PPW. Crude protein digestiility oeffiient ws signifintly deresed in R 3 in omprison with R 1& R 2, while (DM, OM, CF, EE nd NFE) digestiility oeffiients were not signifint ffeted y the dietry tretments. Inresing level of PPW in rtions deresed nutritive vlues s TDN nd DCP. All experimentl nimls were in positive Nitrogen lne. Sheep fed diet ontining 25% PPW signifintly inresed (P<0.05) ruminl ph ompred with sheep tht fed 0 nd 50% PPW ontining diets. On the other hnd, totl voltile ftty id's (TVFA's) tended to inrese s the level of PPW inresed in the rtions, while ruminl mmoni nitrogen (NH3-N) onentrtion tended to derese. Smpling time t 4hrs signifintly deresed (P<0.05) ruminl ph nd NH3-N however, signifintly inresed (P<0.05) ruminl TVFA's in omprison with zero time. There were signifint intertion etween dietry tretments (PPW levels) nd smpling time for ruminl ph, NH3-N nd TVFA's. From these results it n e onluded tht PPW n reple suessfully up to 50% of CFM in sheep rtions. Key words: Potto peels wste Sheep In vitro Digestiility Rumen fermenttion Nitrogen lne INTRODUCTION produe frozen potto produts for humn onsumption. The produts n inlude peeling, ull pottoes, rejet Chroni feed defiient represent to niml prodution Frenh fries nd other potto produts. Approximtely in mny of the developing ountries due to the popultion 35% of the totl proessed potto rop is disrded s inrese nd onsequently llotion of ville for wste during proessing. This wste ferments rpidly nd erel prodution, therey reduing the vilility of dds to the pollution prolem if not properly utilized. The ultivted lnd for niml fodder prodution. This totl world potto wste is estimted to 12 million ton per sitution demnds the use of unonventionl feed yer [1]. Smith nd Huxsoll [2] estimted the peeling resoures in livestok rtion, espeilly from the industril losses of the potto hips industry whih used rsion y produts. Potto wste is one of these y produts, peeling extensively to e 10%. Stnhope et l. [3] reported tht remining fter pottoes hve een proessed to tht potto proessing residue n reple rley s n Corresponding Author: M.A. Twil, Animl Prodution Deprtment, Ntionl Reserh Centre, Dokki, Giz, Egypt 156
Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 4 (2): 156-164, 2008 energy soure for finishing eef ttle. Studies y Smples of CFM, PPW, PVH nd different Heinemnn nd Dyer [4] on steers indited tht potto omintions were tested for In vitro dry mtter proessing slurry hd dry mtter digestiility of 73.5% dispperne (IVDMD) nd In vitro orgni mtter when fed t 19.2 to 37.5% of the diet dry mtter. At these dispperne (IVOMD) ording to the method of Tilley two levels, potto slurry hd digestile energy vlues of nd Terry [6]. Fermenttion medi used ws tht 3.5 nd 3.1 M l / Kg, respetively. Also Gdo et l. [5] desried y Norris et l. [7] with the modifition of reported tht replement of onentrte feed mixture y dding the uffer nd ure solution s desried y Ng potto wste t level 25% of DM signifintly inresed nd El- Shzly [8]. digestiility of DM nd nitrogen lne. This study ws designed to investigte the effet of In Vivo Work prtil replement of ommon onentrte feed mixture y potto peel wste on In vitro dry mtter nd orgni mtter dispperne, feed nd wter intkes, nutrient digestiilities, nitrogen lne nd some ruminl prmeters of lol sheep. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wet potto peel wste (PPW) ws otined from th potto hips ftory, 10 of Rmdn City. The wste ws spred in thin lyers on trys nd left for sun drying for the experimentl purpose. Chemil omposition of feedstuffs used long with In vitro nd In Vivo trils were rried out to evlute the possiility of using PPW in sheep rtions. In Vitro Work: Three omintions were prepred from onentrte feed mixture (CFM), potto peel wste (PPW) nd penut vines hy (PVH) in whih PPW repled CFM y 0.00%, 25.00% nd 50.00% (W/W). The omintions of the experimentl rtions re presented in Tle 2. Animl nd Experimentl Rtions: Fifteen mture mle Ossimi sheep of out 63 kg live ody weight on verge were used in this experiment to investigte the effet of repling CFM y different levels of PPW in sheep rtion on feed nd wter intkes, nutrient digestiilities, nitrogen lne nd some rumen fluid prmeters. The nimls were rndomly ssigned to three experimentl groups (Five nimls in eh tretment). The sme formultion of feeds whih mentioned ove (Tle 2) ws used in digestiility trils. Apprent Digestiility, Nutritive Vlues nd Nitrogen Blne: Animls were housed in individul metoli ges. Cges llowed thing fees seprtely from the urine whih ws olleted in tthed glss ontiners ontining 50 ml sulphori id 10%. The digestiility tril onsisted of 15 dys s preliminry period followed y 7 dys for fees nd urine olletion. The nimls were fed on 3% of live ody weight. Rtions were offered in two portions, CFM nd/or PPW t 8.00.m. followed y PVH t 9.00.m. Wter ws offered Tle 1: Chemil nlysis nd ell wll onstituents of feed ingredients (on DM sis) Item Conentrte feed mixture (CFM)* Potto peel wste (PPW) Penut vines hy (PVH) Chemil nlysis Dry mtter 90.00 90.11 88.50 Orgni mtter 89.20 88.50 90.75 Crude protein 14.60 14.00 8.93 Crude fier 16.40 6.55 40.52 Ether extrt 3.78 1.38 2.67 Nitrogen free extrt 54.42 66.57 38.63 Ash 10.80 11.50 9.25 Cell wll onstituents NDF 39.23 41.00 47.30 ADF 27.95 6.30 32.50 ADL 7.27 3.80 5.77 Hemiellulose 11.28 34.70 14.80 Cellulose 20.68 2.50 26.73 CFM* : The onentrte feed mixture used in formulting the experimentl rtions ontined 25.00% Cotton seed mel; 35.00% Whet rn; 4.00% Rie rn; 30.00% Yellow Corn 1.50% Lime stone; 1.00% Sodium hloride, 0.50% vitmins nd minerl mixture nd 3.00 Molsses. NDF, neutrl detergent fier; ADF, id detergent fier; ADL, id detergent lignin. Hemiellulose = NDF ADF; Cellulose = ADF- ADL 157
Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 4 (2): 156-164, 2008 Tle 2: Composition, hemil nlysis nd ell wll onstituents of the experimentl rtions Experimentl rtions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Item Rtion (1) Rtion (1) Rtion (1) Composition (%) of the experimentl rtions Penut vines hy 50.00 50.00 50.00 Conentrte feed mixture 50.00 37.50 25.00 Potto peel wste -- 12.50 25.00 Chemil nlysis (%) on DM sis DM 89.25 89.26 89.27 OM 89.97 89.88 89.86 CP 13.18 12.32 11.64 CF 28.35 28.78 27.46 EE 3.22 2.94 2.62 NFE 45.22 45.84 48.14 Ash 10.03 10.12 10.14 Cell wll onstituents NDF 43.27 43.49 43.71 ADF 30.23 27.52 24.82 ADL 6.53 6.10 5.66 Hemiellulose 13.04 15.97 18.89 Cellulose 23.70 21.42 19.16 NDF, neutrl detergent fier; ADF, id detergent fier; ADL, id detergent lignin; Hemiellulose = NDF ADF; Cellulose = ADF ADL twie dily t 11.00.m. nd 2.00 p.m. During the toluene nd thin lyer of prffin oil till nlyzed for olletion period, fees nd urine were quntittively TVFA s. olleted from eh niml one dy t 7.00.m. efore feeding. Atul quntity of feed intke ws reorded, Anlytil Proedures: Representtive smples of wter onsumption ws lso reorded. A smple of 10% ingredients nd experimentl rtions were nlyzed for of the olleted fees from eh niml ws spryed with DM, CP, CF, EE, nd sh ording to A.O.A.C [9] 10% sulphori id nd 10% formldehyde solutions nd methods. Nitrogen free extrt (NFE) ws lulted y dried t 60 C for 24 hrs. Smples were mixed nd stored differenes. Neutrl detergent fier (NDF), id detergent for hemil nlysis. Composite smples of feeds nd fier (ADF) nd id detergent lignin (ADL) were fees were finely ground prior to nlysis. Also 10% of determined in ingredients nd experimentl rtions the dily olleted urine from eh niml ws preserved ording to Goering nd Vn Soest [10]. Hemiellulose for nitrogen determintion. ws lulted s the differene etween NDF nd ADF, The nutritive vlues expressed s the totl digestile while ellulose ws lulted s the differene etween nutrient (TDN) nd digestile rude protein (DCP) of the ADF nd ADL. Ruminl ph ws immeditely determined experimentl rtions were lulted y lssil method. using digitl ph meter. Ruminl mmoni nitrogen Chemil omposition nd ell wll onstituents (%) of (NH 3 N) onentrtions were determined pplying NH3 ingredients nd experimentl rtions re presented in diffusion tehnique using Kjeldhle distilltion method Tles 1, 2. ording to A.O.A.C [9]. Ruminl totl voltile ftty ids (TVFA's) onentrtions were determined y stem Rumen Fluid Prmeters: Rumen fluid smples were distilltion ording to Wrner [11]. olleted from ll nimls t the end of the digestiility tril efore feeding nd 4 hrs post feeding vi stomh Sttistil Anlysis: Dt olleted were sujeted to tue nd strined through four lyers of heeseloth. sttistil nlysis s one wy nlysis of vrine Smples were seprted into two portions, the first ording to Snedeor nd Cohrn [12]. Dunn s portion ws used for immedite determintion of ruminl Multiple Rnge Test [13] ws used to seprte mens ph nd mmoni nitrogen onentrtion, while the seond when the dietry tretment effet ws signifint portion ws stored t 20 C fter dding few drops of ording to the following model: 158
Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 4 (2): 156-164, 2008 Y ij = µ + P i + e ij (model 1) nd 11.64% CP for R 1, R 2 nd R 3, respetively. The ether extrt ontents were 3.22, 2.94 nd 2.62% for the sme On the other hnd, ruminl dt ws sujeted to three experimentl rtions. NFE nd NDF were in the sme sttistil nlysis s two ftor ftoril nlysis of trend for the three experimentl rtions. Aid detergent vrine ording to the following model: fier (ADF) nd id detergent lignin ws deresed in the experimentl rtion with inresing the level of PPW in the Y ijk = µ + P i + T j + (PT) ij + e ijk (model 2) rtion, however hemiellulose nd ellulose were inresed. These results re in the sme trend with those Where: found y Gdo et l. [5], who found tht NDF, ADF nd Y ij = Oservtion. ADL for potto wste were 41.5, 6.4 nd 3.9%, µ = Overll men. respetively. Also, These results in greement with those P i = Effet of dietry potto peel wste (PPW) level otined y Onwuuemeli et l. [14]; Sott et l. [15]; for i = 1 3, 1 = No (PPW), Duynisveld nd Chrmley [16] nd Boyles [17], they 2 = 25% (PPW) of CFM nd 3 = 50% (PPW) of CFM. reorded tht CP rnged etween 4% to 14.3% nd CF e ij = The experimentl error. (model 1). rnged etween 1.6% to 17.5%. T j = Effet of smpling time for j = 1 2, 1 = efore feeding nd 2 = 4 hrs post feeding. In Vitro Evlution: Results onerning IVDMD nd (PT) ij = The intertion of PPW level x smpling time. IVOMD for CFM, PPW, PVH nd the different e ijk = The experimentl error. (model 2). omintions from them re shown in Tle 3. The RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IVDMD nd IVOMD of PPW were etter thn those otined for CFM or PVH. This my relted to reltively lower CF, ADF nd ADL ontents of PPW ompred with Composition, Chemil Anlysis nd Cell Wll CFM nd PVH [18, 19]. Constituents: Chemil nlysis nd ell wll onstituents The IVDMD nd IVOMD vlues of CFM or PVH of feed ingredients re shown in Tle 1. Potto peel were nerly similr, there were positive effets in IVDMD wste (PPW) ontined 14.00% CP, 6.55% CF, 1.38% EE, nd IVOMD. In ddition IVOMD ws improved s the 66.57% NFE, 11.50% sh, 41% NDF, 6.30% ADF, 3.80 level of PPW inresed, tht my e due to rpid ADL, 34.70% hemiellulose nd 2.50% ellulose. Also digestile potto strh [5]. results indited tht, PPW hd CP ontent similr to tht of CFM. In ddition PPW hd higher NFE, sh, Feed nd Wter Intkes: Dry mtter nd wter intkes y hemiellulose nd lower CF, ADF, lignin nd ellulose the experimentl group sheep re presented in Tle 4. ontents thn those of CFM nd PVH. The dt illustrted tht the verge dily dry mtter Composition, hemil nlysis nd ell wll intke (DMI) expressed s g/h/dy ws highest for sheep onstituents of the experimentl rtions re presented in fed ontrol rtion (R 1) ompred with the other groups. Tle 2. Experimentl rtions were ontined 13.18, 12.32 This mens tht repling 50% of CFM with PPW R3 did Tle 3: In vitro dry mtter (IVDMD) nd orgni mtter (IVOMD) dispperne of feed ingredients nd the different omintions of the experimentl rtions Item IVDMD IVOMD Feed ingredients Conentrte feed mixture (CFM) 58.40 63.75 Potto peel wste (PPW) 85.38 88.70 Penut vines hy (PVH) 58.70 63.05 Comintions R1 68.34 68.57 R1 70.13 70.47 R1 67.23 72.50 SEM 0.78 1.48 Signifint NS NS R 1: (50% CFM+ 50% PVH). R 2: (37.50% CFM+ 12.50%PPW+ 50% PVH). R 3: (25.00% CFM+ 25.00%PPW+ 50% PVH). NS: Non signifint t (P<0.05). SEM, stndrd error of the men. 159
Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 4 (2): 156-164, 2008 Tle 4: Effet of dietry tretments on feed nd wter intkes y the experimentl groups Experimentl rtions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Item Rtion (1) Rtion (2) Rtion (3) SEM P< 0.05 Live ody weight, kg (LBW) 63 63 63 1.38 NS Feed intke, g of: Penut vines hy 858 856 819 ---- ---- Conentrte feed mixture 983 709 495 ---- ---- Potto peel wste ---- 270 496 ---- ---- Dry mtter intke (DMI) s: g/h/dy 1841 1835 1810 14.80 NS kg/100 kg LBW 2.936 2.920 2.887 0.08 NS Totl digestile nutrient intke (TDNI) s: g/h/dy 1287 1273 1171 21.6 * kg/100 kg LBW 2.040 2.025 1.869 0.06 NS Digestile rude protein intke (DCPI) s: g/h/dy 177.6 155.7 123.8 7.89 * kg/100 kg LBW 283 248 197 13.5 * Wter intke s: ml/h/dy 4349 4225 4108 157 NS L/100 kg LBW 6.974 6.713 6.499 0.27 NS L/kg DMI 2.359 2.304 2.313 0.09 NS, nd : Mens in the sme rw hving different supersripts differ signifintly t (P<0.05). NS: Non signifint *: signifint t level (P<0.05). S.E.M., stndrd error of the men Tle 5: Nutrient digestiility nd nutritive vlues of the experimentl rtions Experimentl rtions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Item Rtion (1) Rtion (2) Rtion (3) SEM P< 0.05 Nutrient digestiilities oeffiient DM 71.23 71.05 68.00 0.72 NS OM 74.26 74.07 72.21 0.56 NS CP 73.25 68.88 58.81 2.29 * CF 63.53 71.30 65.97 1.76 NS EE 78.47 77.64 71.37 1.89 NS NFE 78.07 80.95 78.73 0.82 NS Nutritive vlues TDN% 69.95 69.37 64.69 0.92 * DCP% 9.66 8.49 6.85 0.42 *, nd : Mens in the sme rw hving different supersripts differ signifintly t (P<0.05). NS: Non signifint *: signifint t level (P<0.05). SEM, stndrd error of the men not hnge feed intke signifintly, whih my due to the [23] reorded tht inlusion potto y produts in high pltility of rtions ontining PPW. Mentime finishing diets of ttle derese the feed intke. However, sheep fed R 3 onsumed lower (P<0.05), totl digestile Nelson et l. [24] reported n inresing of dry mtter nutrient (TDN) s ompred to those fed R1nd R 2. Also intke with 10% ddition of ensiled potto piees, in the dt show tht replement 25 or 50% of CFM with orn sed diets. PPW (R 2 nd R 3) signifintly deresed digestile rude The results of wter intke y the experimentl protein intke ompred with ontrol rtion (R 1 ). These groups showed tht, replement of CFM y PPW t 25 results were greement with those otined y [4, 20], nd 50% deresed the wter intke (expressed s they noted tht using lkli peeled potto y produt ml/h/dy, L/100 kg BW nd L/kg DM intke), the with ttle up to 40% of high onentrte diets (DM differenes etween the groups were not signifint. sis) did not ffet intke. However, ddition of 50% Inresing level of PPW in the diet grdully or more hd negtive ffet. On the other hnd, insignifint deresed (P>0.05) wter intke. Wter intke Suter et l. [21], Rdunz et l. [22] nd Duynisveld et l. vlues y the experimentl groups were 4349, 4225 nd 160
Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 4 (2): 156-164, 2008 4108 ml/h/dy for R 1, R 2 nd R, 3 respetively. Feeding Signifint derese were oserved in nutritive sheep on diets ontining PPW deresed (P>0.05) dily vlues s TDN nd DCP vlues of 50% PPW (R3) wter intke y out 2.85% nd 5.54% for R 2 nd R 3in ompred to R1 nd R2, whih minly due to the derese omprison with R 1, respetively. On the other hnd, dily in CP digestiility. The ontrol rtion (R 1) hd the highest wter intke deresed y 2.77% for R 3ompred with R 2. DCP followed y R 2, then R 3. Replement CFM y PPW Holzer et l. [25] reported tht totl wter onsumption t 50% deresed TDN y 7.52% nd y 29.09% for DCP, inresed s dietry moisture inresed for 10 to 75%. respetively, ompred to the ontrol rtion R. 1 Apprent Digestiility nd Nutritive Vlues: Results of pprent digestiilities nd nutritive vlues in terms of TDN nd DCP of the experimentl rtions re presented in Tle 5. No signifint differenes mong rtions were deteted for DM, OM, CF, EE nd NFE digestiilities. The digestiility of CP ws signifintly lower (P<0.05) in R3 thn in R 1nd R 2, ut insignifintly lower CP digestiility ws oserved when the rtion inluded PPW s sustitution of CFM t 25% level (R 2) ompred with R 1. The lowest CP digestiility oserved in R3 my e relted to the lower protein intke y the nimls tht given R 3. These results were in greement with those found y Rdunz et l [26] who, ttriuted the derese in totl pprent nitrogen dispperne with inresing potto wste levels in eef finishing diets to less digestile protein with pottoes or more teril fermenttion in the lrge intestine whih would led to greter fel nitrogen extrtion. The CP digestiility ws losely relted to dietry CP nd soure [27, 28]. On the other hnd, Stnhope et l. [3] nd Mkkr et l. [29] found tht DM, CF nd EE digestiilities did not differ signifintly. Nitrogen Utiliztion: Results of nitrogen utiliztion re presented in Tle 6. Sheep fed R 3 hd lower (P<0.05) nitrogen intke thn those fed R 1, while there were no signifint differenes mong R 1nd R 2s well s R 2nd R 3 in this respet. Fel, urinry nitrogen nd totl nitrogen exretion did not signifintly differ in ll experimentl groups. The highest nitrogen intke with the lowest fel nitrogen out put led to more digested nitrogen in ontrol rtion. Nitrogen retention ws lowest with sheep fed R 3 followed y sheep fed R 2 nd the highest ws otined y niml fed R 1 whih ws signifintly higher thn those fed R 3. The derese of nitrogen lne in R 3 my e due to the derese of nitrogen intke. Nitrogen retention s perentge of nitrogen intkes (NI) ws etter with nimls fed R1 followed y nimls fed R 2 nd the lowest vlue ws reorded y group 3. In nother wy it ould e onluded tht sheep n utilize nitrogen of the ontrol rtion y 19.50% nd 41.21% more thn of rtion inluded 25 or 50% PPW in replement of CFM, respetively. Generlly, the superiority in nitrogen retention due to Tle 6: Nitrogen utiliztion y the experimentl groups Experimentl rtions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Item Rtion (1) Rtion (2) Rtion (3) SEM P< 0.05 Nitrogen intke, g (NI) 40.38 38.31 34.36 1.11 * Fel nitrogen, g (FN) 10.84 12.03 14.17 0.71 NS Urinry nitrogen, g (UN) 13.28 13.19 10.63 0.63 NS Totl nitrogen exretion, g 24.12 25.22 24.80 0.76 NS Digestile nitrogen, g (DN) 29.54 26.28 20.19 1.39 * Nitrogen retention, g (NR) 16.26 13.09 9.56 1.14 * NR, % of NI 40.27 34.17 27.82 2.33 * NR, % of DN 55.04 49.81 47.35 2.19 NS, nd : Mens in the sme rw hving different supersripts differ signifintly t (P<0.05). NS: Non signifint *: signifint t level (P<0.05) SEM, stndrd error of the men.. Tle 7: Men effets of dietry tretments on rumen fluid prmeters of the experimentl rtions Potto proessing wste levels Smpling time --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- Item R1 R2 R3 SEM Before feeding 4hrs post feeding SEM ph 6.78 7.03 6.65 0.06 6.97 6.67 0.06 NH 3 N (mg /dl) 20.13 19.78 18.60 1.93 22.78 16.22 1.93 TVFA's (meq./dl) 7.10 8.20 12.00 0.61 8.08 10.12 0.61 nd : Mens in the sme rw witin eh tretment hving different supersripts differ signifintly t level (P<0.05). SEM, stndrd error of the men. NH3-N, ruminl mmoni nitrogen. TVFA's, ruminl totl voltile ftty ids. 161
Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 4 (2): 156-164, 2008 Tle 8: Effet of dietry tretments on rumen fluid prmeters of the experimentl rtions Smpling time ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Before feeding 4 hrs post feeding ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ Item R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 SEM P< 0.05 ph 7.00 7.05 6.85 6.55 7.00 6.45 0.06 * NH 3 N (mg /dl) 15.05 29.05 24.25 25.20 10.50 12.95 1.93 * TVFA's (meq./dl) d 6.15 d 6.35 11.75 8.05 10.05 12.25 0.61 *,, nd d: Mens in the sme rw hving different supersripts differ signifintly t (P<0.05). *: signifint t level (P<0.05). S.E.M., stndrd error of the men. PPW, potto proessing wste levels. ST, smpling time NH -N, ruminl mmoni nitrogen. TVFA's, ruminl totl voltile ftty ids. 3 speifi rtion is ffeted y severl ftors suh s Smpling time ws signifint effet on rumen possile prodution of miroil protein synthesis, fluid prmeters. Potto peel wste (PPW) ontining inresing presene of fermentle energy [30], diets signifintly deresed (P<0.05) ruminl ph nd differenes in vilility of fermentle energy [31], NH 3 N onentrtions t 4 hrs post feeding ompred vriility in nitrogen tht might espe fermenttion with efore feeding. However, it ws signifintly from the rumen, n inresed utiliztion of mmoni in inresed (P<0.05) TVFA's t 4 hrs post feeding the rumen [32] nd the effet of free fts in protein ompred with efore feeding. It should e noted tht, synthesis [33]. TVFA's onentrtion in the rumen is governed y severl ftors suh s dry mtter digestiility, rte Rumen Fluid Prmeters: Results of men effets of of sorption, rumen ph, trnsporttion of the digest dietry tretment on rumen fluid prmeter of the from the rumen to the other prts of the digestive trt experimentl rtions (Tle 7) indited tht feeding sheep nd the miroil popultion in the rumen nd their on 25% potto peel wste (PPW) ontining diet R2 tivities [37]. signifintly inresed (P<0.05) ruminl ph ompred with From the present results, the higher ruminl NH3-N R 1nd R 3. Ammoni nitrogen (NH 3 N) onentrtion ws efore feeding is reveling the presene of more un not signifint deresed with inresing the level of PPW utilizle nitrogen in the rumen whih might e due to in the diets. However Totl voltile ftty ids (TVFA's) filure of rumen miroes to get use hydrolyzed onentrtion ws inresed with inresing the level of rohydrte of PPW rtions for miroil protein PPW in the diets. These results were ssoited with synthesis. While the derese in rumen NH3-N due to TVFA's vlues s suggested y Briggs et l. [34], who PPW feeding t 4 hrs post feeding my indite low oserved tht n inresing in ruminl TVFA's ruminl tivity or my e due to tht CP of potto onentrtion used redution in ruminl ph vlue. proessing residue ws poorly digested [3]. On the other Ruminl ph is one of the most importnt ftors ffeting hnd Onwuuemeli et l. [14] suggested tht, potto the fermenttion nd influenes its funtions. It vries in strh fermenttion rte ws fster thn orn strh regulr mnner depending on the nture of the diet nd using derese in ruminl mmoni. Hungte [38] on the time it is mesured fter feeding nd reflets reported tht, the min prt of CP in the diet ws degrded hnges of orgni ids quntities in the ingest. The to NH3-N in the rumen y the miro orgnisms nd it level of NH3-N nd TVFA's s end produts of depends to lrge extent on the physil nd hemil fermenttion nd rekdown of dietry protein, hve een nture of eh protein. used s prmeters of ruminl tivity y Aou-Akkd Signifint intertion ws found etween dietry nd Osmn [35]. On the other hnd, Rdunz et l. [26] tretments levels nd smpling time (PPW x ST) on found tht inresing levels of PW inresed ruminl ruminl ph, NH3 N nd TVFA's onentrtions (Tle 8). TVFA's onentrtion (liner, P<0.01, qudrti, P = 0.03). Ruminl ph vlue, NH 3 N nd TVFA's onentrtions Also, Fdel et l. [36] reported tht the inresing of rnged from 6.45 to 7.05; 10.50 to 29.05 mg/dl nd 6.15 to ruminl TVFA's onentrtion is n inditor for etter 12.25 meq./dl for ruminl ph, Nh 3 N nd TVFA's, utiliztion of dietry rohydrte. respetively. These results were not greement with those 162
Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 4 (2): 156-164, 2008 notied y Rdunz et l. [26], they reorded tht, there were no (time x tretment) intertions for ny ruminl hrteristis. CONCLUSION From this study it onluded tht the prtil replement of ommon onentrte feed mixture with sun-dried potto peel wste t 25% level is highly reommended in ruminnt rtion. But using 50% of PPW in the rtion hd dverse effet on sheep performne. REFERENCES 1. El Boushy, A.R.Y. nd A.F.B. Vn der Poel, 1994. Poultry feed from wste proessing nd use. Chpmn nd hll (Ed). 2. Smith, T. J nd C.C. Huxsoll, 1987. Peeling pottoes for proessing (Eds W.F. Tlurt nd O. Smith) AVI Vn Nostrnd rein hold Compny, New York, PP. 333-369. 3. Stnhope, D.L., D.D. Hinmn, D.O., Everson nd R.C. Bull, 1980. Digestiility of potto proessing residue in eef ttle finishing diets J. Anim. Si., 51: 202 206. 4. Heinemnn, W.W. nd I.A. Dyer, 1972. Nutritive vlue of potto slurry for steers. Wshington Agri. Exp. St. Bull. 757, Pullmn, W.A. 5. Gdo, H., A.M. Mnsour, H.M. Metwlly nd M.A. El Ashry, 1998. The effet of prtil repling onentrte y potto proessing wste on performne of growing Bldi gots. Egyptin J. Nutrition nd feeds, 1 (2): 123 129. 6. Tilley, J.M. nd R.A. Terry, 1963. A two stge tehnique for the in vitro digestion of forge rops. J. Br. Grsslnd Soi. 18:104. 7. Norris, K.H., R.F. Brnes, J.E. Moore nd J.S. Shenk1976. Prediting forge qulity y infrred refletne spetrosopy. J. Anim. Si., 43: 889. 8. Ng, M.M.A nd K. El- Shzly, 1963. The use of In vitro fermenttion tehnique to estimte the digestile energy of some Egyptin forge. I. The In vitro digestion of ellulose s riterion of energy ontent. J. Agri. Si. Cm. 34: 61. 9. A.O.A.C., 1995. Assoition of Offiil Anlytil th Chemists: Offiil Methods of Anlysis. 16 ed. Wshington D.C.USA. 10. Goering, H.K. nd P.J. Vn Soest, 1970. Forge fier nlyses (Apprtus, Regents, Proedures nd some pplitions). USDA, Agr. Hnd. Book, 379. 11. Wrner, A.C., 1964. Prodution of voltile ftty ids in the rumen, methods of mesurements. Nutr. Astr. And Rev., 34: 339. 12. Snedeor, G.W. nd W.G. Chohrn, 1984. Sttistil th Methods. 6 ed. Low Stte University Press. Ames, Iow. U.S.A. 13. Dunn, D.B., 1955. Multiple Rnge nd Multiple F Test. Biometri, 11:1. 14. Onwuuemeli, C., J.J. Huer, K.J. King nd C.O. Johnson, 1985. Nutritive vlue of potto proessing wstes in totl mixed rtions for diry ttle. J. Diry Si., 68: 1207 1214. 15. Sott, M.B., E.K. Cssell nd L.R. Vough, 1989. Alterntive feeds for eef ttle. Mrylnd Coopertive Extension, University of Mrylnd, College Prk nd lol governments. 16. Duynisveld, J.L. nd E. Chrmely, 2002. Beef ttle n suessfully e fed 80% potto wste in the finishing diet. www.ss. Org / strts / 2002 / Jns 18.pdf. 17. Boyles, S., 2006. Feeding potto proessing wstes nd ulls to ttle. OSU Extension Beef Speilist. http:// eef,osu.edu/ lirry/ potto. Html. 18. Vn Soest, P.J., 1967. Development of omprehensive system of feed nlysis nd its pplition to forges. J. Anim. Si., 26: 119. 19. Horn, F.P., J.P. Telford, J.E. M Croskey, D.F. Stephens, J.V. Whitemn nd R.Totusk, 1979. Reltionship of niml performne nd dry mtter intke to hemil onstituents of grzed forge. J. Anim. Si., 49: 1051. 20. Heinemnn, W.W., E.M. Hnks nd D.C. Young, 1978. Potto proess residue nd luegrss strw in steer finishing rtions. Wshington Stte Univ. College of Agri. Res. Ctr. Bull. 871, Pullmn, W.A. 21. Suter, E.A., D.D. Hinmn, R.C. Bull, A.D. Howes, J.F. Prkinsson nd D.I. Stnhope, 1980. Studies on the utiliztion of potto proessing wste for ttle feed. University of Idho Agri. Exp. St. Res. Bull 112, Mosow, ID. 22. Rdunz, A.E., M.L. Buer, G.P. Lrdy, P.T. Berg nd E.R. Loe, 2001. Effet of potto proessing wste in finishing diets on performne nd rss hrteristis of yerling heifers. Proeeding, Western Setion, Amerin Soiety of Animl Siene Vol. 52. 23. Duynisveld, J.L., E. Chrmely, I. Mndell nd J. Alhus, 2004. Repling orn or rley with potto proessing y produt in eef finishing diets improves feed onversion effiieny nd lters rss ft distriution. J. Anim. Si., 82, Suppl. 1. 163
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