In Vivo Hemostatic Activity Screening of the Decoction of the Peel of Musa errans (Blco.) Teod. Var. Botoan Teod. on Sprague-Dawley Rats Florano, Solmuell M. Sigua, Patricia Marie D. Tabi, Maria Jo Fatima J. Trinidad, Aleanor Josyl C. Vergara, Ina Marie Angela M.
Circulatory System Organ system that permits blood and lymph movement to the different parts of the body.
Circulatory System Transports gases, nutrients, waste materials Regulates internal temperature and several physiologic functions Protects against microbes and/or toxins.
Bleeding Tendencies In general, bleeding tendencies occur when there are pathologic conditions that affect: platelet adhesion to damaged vascular walls and aggregation of platelets to one another, the coagulation factor cascade and its fibrinolytic counterpart pathways fragility of small vessel walls
Disorders/Events Which May Cause Bleeding Dengue Hemorrhagic Shock Hemorrhage Surgery Trauma to blood vessels
Hemostasis Hemostasis is the biological process by which the body compensates to an injury to attain homeostasis.
Hemostasis Vasoconstriction Platelet Plug Formation Blood Coagulation
Vasoconstriction Reduction of blood flow
Platelet Plug Formation
Blood Coagulation Fibrin Clot Stabilize the clot
Uncontrolled hemorrhage accounts for over 35% of pre-hospital deaths. Excessive bleeding leads to impaired resuscitation, shock and coagulopathy. Low blood pressure is an effect of severe bleeding which may cause immediate multiple organ failure and lifethreatening complications.
According to the World Health Organization, 80% of the total population depends on traditional medicine. 85% of medicines used nowadays are derived from plants.
MUSACEAE 40 species Musa Ensente An article by Benett (2007) listed Musaceae as one of the most economically important plant families.
Musaceae Musa sapientum Musa paradisiaca Hemostatic activity (Dougnon et. al., 2012) Antibacterial and antioxidant (Sahaa et al., 2013) Analgesic activity (Gangwaret al., 2012) Hepatoprotective activity (Dikshitet al., 2001) Anti-ulcer activity (Prabhaet al., 2011) Hemostatic activity (Weremfo et. al., 2011) Promotes wound healing and skeletal muscle contraction (Kumar et al., 2012) Hepatoprotective and anti-ulcer activity. (Kumar et al., 2012).
Plants under the same family tend to share the same characteristics and properties Rollins, as cited by Weber (2001)
Musa errans Endemic in the Philippines
Musa errans Traditional Uses: Leaves for chest pains (topical) Juice of corms as anti-tubercular agents Sap used for wound healing and to treat gonorrhea Quisumbing, 1978
Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the hemostatic potential of the peel of Musa errans.
RESEARCH METHODS The researchers used Experimental Study as their research design.
Plant Material Procedure Plant Material Collection The plant material (unripe fruit) was collected from Malolos, Bulacan. Plant Authentication The fruit was authenticated by the National Museum. Plant Preparation The unripe peels were washed with distilled water, decocted and lyophilized.
Plant Preparation Preparation Decoction Lyophilization The unripe peels were washed with distilled water and cut into smaller pieces. The peels were decocted for two hours at boiling temperature with a peel-water ratio of 1kg : 7.2 L of distilled water. The decoction was lyophilized at De La Salle Chemistry Laboratory, Taft, Manila.
Phytochemical Test The extract was tested for the presence of tannins using the Gold-Beater s Test.
Acute Toxicity Test Limit Test Administer 2000mg/kg BW to 1 rat Death of Animal Survival of Animal Main Test Administer dose to 4 test animals Death (3 or more rat) Main Test Survival (3 or more rats) LD50>2000 mg/kg
Acute Toxicity Test Main Test: Administer 175mg/kg of extract to 1 rat Died Survived Decrease dose by a progression of 3.2 Increase dose by a progression of 3.2
Pharmacological Test Baseline Determination Administration of Extract Post Treatment Data Collection
Baseline Determination Blood Collection Bleeding Time Clotting Time Prothrombin Time Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Determination of Bleeding Time The Modified Duke s Method was done to determine the rat s bleeding time.
Determination of Clotting Time The Slide Method was done to determine the rat s clotting time
Determination of Prothrombin Time Sufficient amount of blood was collected using the Tail Tip method in order to determine the Prothrombin Time.
Determination of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Sufficient amount of blood was collected using the Tail Tip method in order to determine the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time.
Administration of Extract 5 rats/group Negative Control Distilled Water Musa Musa Musa errans errans errans Decoction Decoction (MED 2) Decoction 199.53 mg/kg 398.11 mg/kg (MED 1) 100 mg/kg (MED 3)
Administration of Extract Route of Administration: Oral (via oral gavage) Duration of Administration: Ten (10) days Dose Administered: determined through the Log Dose Interval Method
Administration of Extract
Post Treatment Data Collection Blood Collection Bleeding Time Clotting Time Prothrombin Time Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Statistical Analysis The mean and standard deviation of the different groups were calculated. The data of each group for the pre and post administration were compared using the Paired T-Test. Tukey s Post hoc test was used to see if there was a statistical difference among the hemostatic effects of the different dose levels.
Results and Discussion
Test for Tannins Goldbeater s Skin Test Pig intestinal membrane before (left) and after (right) the Gold eater s skin test
Goldbeater s Skin Test The Gold eater s skin test done using the decocted extract of Musa errans revealed a rownish stain in the pig s skin indi ating the presence of tannins. Tannins contain hemostatic properties. (Rangari, 2007)
Acute Toxicity Test The Median Lethal Dose (LD50) of the plant material is greater than 2000 mg/kg since no subject animal died during the treatment period.
Comparison between Pre and Post Administration Data of Extract Bleeding Time 500 450 400 Mean 350 Bleeding 300 Time in 250 seconds 200 78% reduction 150 78% reduction 78% reduction 100 50 0 Negative control MED 1 (100mg/kg) pre administration MED 2 (199.53mg/kg) negative control MED 3 post administration
Comparison between Pre and Post Administration Data of Extract Clotting Time 100 90 20% reduction 80 Mean Clotting Time in seconds 7% reduction 14% reduction 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Negative control pre administration MED 1 (100mg/kg) MED 2 (199.53mg/kg) negative control MED 3 (398.11mg/kg) post administration
Comparison between Pre and Post Administration Data of Extract Prothrombin Time 40 35 Mean PT in seconds 30 25 52% reduction 20 54% reduction 54% reduction 15 10 5 0 Negative control MED 1 (100mg/kg) pre administration MED 2 (199.53mg/kg) negative control MED 3 (398.11mg/kg) post administration
Comparison between Pre and Post Administration Data of Extract Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time 35 30 Mean aptt in second s 25 20 66% reduction 66% reduction 15 66% reduction 10 5 0 Negative control MED 1 (100mg/kg) pre administration MED 2 (199.53mg/kg) negative control MED 3 (398.11mg/kg) post administration
Statistical Analysis Result Pre administration data of extract were significantly different from the Post administration data extract after the ten-day administration Therefore, it has been proven that the Musa errans contain hemostatic activity, not only affecting the platelets, but also affecting the clotting factors.
Statistical Analysis Result No significant difference observed in the three treatment groups given with different doses of the decoction Therefore, hemostatic activity of the Musa errans is dose-independent showing that even at 100 mg/kg concentration the hemostatic effect is still observed and is the same as with that of 398.11mg/kg concentration.
Conclusion The aforementioned results of the investigation proved that the decoction of the peel of Musa errans exhibits dose-independent hemostatic activity. The hemostatic potential it conferred was reflected by the significant decrease in: Bleeding time Clotting time Prothrombin Time; and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Conclusion The mechanism of the hemostatic action of the unripe peel of Musa errans is due to its ability to affect platelet action, and both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of coagulation. The presence of tannins may also play a part in its hemostatic activity since tannins can precipitate protein and a study conducted by Dougnon et al (2012), stated the role of tannins on platelet aggregation.
Recommendation With the observations of the hemostatic activity of the decoction of Musa errans, the group recommends the following for future researchers: 1. Conduct more hematological and biochemical parameters of hemostasis such as Platelet count and Milk Precipitation of Milk test (for astringent property); 2. Use human blood sample to determine the effects of the plant material on human subjects;
Recommendation 3. Employ animals and methods specific to a disease model in which the control of bleeding is of primary importance; and 4. Compare the hemostatic activity other Musa species to Musa errans to determine the best source of extract for the development of a hemostatic agent.
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