The Relationship between Personality Dimensions and Social Capital of Athletic Trainers in Azerbaijan Gharbi Province RJSS RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES Vol 4 (4): 108-114 http://www.rjssjournal.com ISSN: 2148-0834 Copyright 2016 Tina Soltan Ahmadi 1, 2, Jafar Barghi Moghaddam1, 2* 1 Department of Physical Education, East Azarbaijan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran 2 Department of Physical Education, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran * Corresponding Author Email: barghi@iaut.ac.ir ABSTRACT The aim of the research was the relationship between personality dimensions and social capital of athletic trainers in Azerbaijan Gharbi province. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The population in this study included all athletic trainers in Azerbaijan Gharbi being 500 people. Instruments in this study included a questionnaire of personality five-factor (John et al) and social capital questionnaire of Bordbar (2012), respectively. Its validity was confirmed by five sports management professors and the reliability of questionnaires of personality dimensions, social capital and creativity by Cronbach's alpha 0.78, 0.81 and 0.79, respectively. For data analysis, Pearson and Regression correlation was used. Results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between the experience and all creativity components and there was no significant relationship between extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional stability and creativity. Test results also showed that predictive variables explain nearly 13 percent of the social capital variable variance. Extroversion to regression (β = 0.34), conscientiousness to regression (β = 0.30), and agreeableness to regression (β = ) has significantly the ability to predict their social capital. KEYWORDS Personality Dimensions, Social Capital, Athletic Trainers in Azerbaijan Gharbi Province. INTRODUCTION Today, with advances in biology and psychology it is clear that a creature called man is a set of physical characteristics and psychological characteristics that are absolutely inseparable from each other. Changes in the human body are equal to the changes in spirit and the transformation of in spirit to body transformation. The human body always acts as a whole, not as a series of new sections apart. Mind and body are not separate and there is almost no phenomenon that its impact is only psychological. Neither mind nor body is composed of elements and independent talents from different parts came into existence. Changing in any part of it can affect the whole body (Khanifar, 2009). Personality is a certain pattern of behavior, attitudes, feelings and behavior of each individual to determine how to adapt to the environment of each individual. Many psychologists argue that personality characteristics are practically stable and among people are different from each other. In addition, theorists of personality claim for a long time that to understand individual behavior we must have behavioral 108
patterns to assign a series of observable traits. One of popular categories of personality is five factor model of personality that includes extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness (Yasin, Saheb, 2014). Extraversion indicates how easily a person is in relationships with others. Extraverts are people-oriented, sociable, talkative, assertive, social, active, energetic and enthusiastic. Agreeableness tends to show compassion towards others. This personality dimension suggests that agreeable people have a kind of concern for the welfare of others inside themselves. Agreeableness causes some behaviors like the support from others, being kind and compassionate and friendly behavior with other people (Griffin, Muirhead, 2011). Conscientiousness tend to show loyalty and conscientiousness and people responsible for the success and competence to fight and willing to work and do their work at the exact time and more likely to be successful in their job. People who are more neurotic have emotional characteristics, low self-confidence, high levels of anxiety and depression and they are irritable and suspected (Kalat, 2013). Putnam, the most famous of social capital processor believes that most sports are regarded as communicative activities according to their nature and participation in sport involves conscious people as participants and spectators companies that are interrelated with each other and based on this interaction, social rewards are exchanged among them. He defines social capital as relationships between individuals that represent specific characteristics of social life, including networks, norms and trust and cooperation byproduct of the social interaction that comes from the contributions of these interactions makes it easier and more probable (Tomas, 2007 quoted by Safarzadeh, 2010). The efforts performed more fully conceptualized social capital, it is a result of an attempt to distinguish different types and characteristics that generally it is to distinguish between types of structural and cognitive social capital within a group and intergroup. Though not always, but often the distinction between structural and cognitive forms of inter and intergroup (and often also a link) is common in the literature. is horizontal intragroup and it is among individuals at the same level within a community, while social capital is vertical intergroup and among community is established (Akbari, 2004). From the perspective of Putnam, social capital indicators include confidence dimension, networks and shared norms, mutual cooperation, solidarity and collective solidarity, empathy, understanding and mutual respect, cooperation and voluntary participation, collective identity. Thus, this study was seeking to answer the question whether there was the relationship between personality dimensions and social capital of athletic trainers in Azerbaijan Gharbi province. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research method was descriptive - correlational. The population in this study included all athletic trainers in Azerbaijan Gharbi being 500 people which according to Morgan and randomly people were selected. Predictive variables were personality dimensions (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience) and criterions dimensions of social capital (trust, networks and shared norms, mutual cooperation, solidarity and collective solidarity, empathy, understanding and mutual respect, cooperation and voluntary participation, collective identity), respectively. The performance of the study was described after the presentation of preliminary explanation about measurement tools and the purpose of the test was how to respond to tests for participants to in detail. After obtaining consent from individuals about the ethical considerations and the necessary awareness, as they were assured that the information received will be used only to this study and will be protected from any abuse. To measure the variables of the research the questionnaires were used as below. Five-factor personality questionnaire (John and colleagues) which is in 5-point scale (1-5) Likert and contains 44 questions and 5 options is taken from the book "Management of Organizational Behavior" by Arian Gholipour (2007). The validity of the present questionnaires has been approved by experts and professors more and more. The internal consistency personality dimensions questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha obtained more than 0, 75 in all dimensions (Azimzadeh, 2008). Questions 1, 6R, 11, 16, 21R, 26, 31 R, 36 of extroversion dimension, questions 2R7, 12R, 17, 22, 27 R, 32, 37R, 42 of agreeableness dimension, questions 2R, 7r, 12R, 17, 22, 27 R, 32, 3, 8R, 13, 18R, 23R, 28, 33, 38, 43R of duty dimension, questions 4, 9R, 14, 19, 24 R, 29, 34 R, 39 of neurosis dimension, questions 5, 10, 15, 20, 109
25, 30, 35 R, 40, 41R, 44, of the experience of the measure dimension are measured. Its validity was confirmed by five professors of physical education and reliability was obtained through Cronbach's alpha for the scale of personality dimensions as below: Table 1. Cronbach's alpha for different aspects of personality. Personality dimensions Cronbach's alpha Extraversion 0, 73 Agreeableness 0, 77 Conscientiousness 0, 75 Emotional stability 0, 78 Openness to Experience 0, 79 questionnaire is based on six dimensions of trust, networks and shared norms, mutual cooperation, solidarity and collective solidarity, empathy, understanding and mutual respect, cooperation and voluntary participation, collective identity which is measured through 31 questions and 5 values Likert scale (5-1). Validity and its reliability by Bordbar (2012) have been approved (according to the Fathipour, 2012). Questions 1,2,3,4,5, measure confidence dimension, questions 6,7,8,9,10 networks and shared norms, questions 11,12,13,14 mutual cooperation, questions 15,16,17,18,19 collective solidarity, questions, 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27 cooperation and voluntary participation and questions 28,29,30,31 collective identity. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by five professors of physical education and reliability obtained through Cronbach's alpha for the scale of social capital as follows: Table 2. Cronbach's alpha for dimensions of social capital. Dimensions of social capital Cronbach's alpha trust Common norms Collective identity Social capital 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.77 0.83 0.85 0.81 Pearson correlation was used to analyze the data. In all analyses, the significance level of P <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Test results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov indicated normal distribution of data (P> 0.05). Table 3 shows the results of Pearson correlation between extraversion features and components of social capital. As specified in the table a correlation between extraversion and trust is (r = 0.19), common norms (r = 0.28), collaboration (r = 0.31), solidarity (r = 0.17), cooperation (r = 0.32), collective identity (r = 0.33), in general social capital (r = 0.32) showing there is significant relationship between extroversion personality and components of social capital. Table 3. The test results of correlational between extraversion and social capital. Extroversion 0.19 0.28 0.31 0.17 0.32 0.33 0.32 Sig. 110
Table 4 shows the results of Pearson correlation between agreeableness features and components of social capital. As specified in the table a correlation between agreeableness and trust is (r = 0.10), common norms (r = 0.31), collaboration (r = ), solidarity (r = 0.34), cooperation (r = 0.18), collective identity (r = 0.22), in general social capital (r = 0.29) showing except confidence that there is no significant association with agreeableness, other factors have a significant positive relationship with the agreeableness personality. Table 4. The test results of correlational between agreeableness and social capital. Agreeableness 0.10 0.31 0.34 0.18 0.22 0.29 Sig. 0.07 0.01 Table 5 shows the results of Pearson correlation between loyalty features and components of social capital. As specified in the table a correlation between loyalty and trust is (r = 0.16), common norms (r = 0.35), collaboration (r = 0.33), solidarity (r = 0.34), cooperation (r = ), collective identity (r = 0.22), in general social capital (r = 0.31) showing that there is positive and significant relationship between loyalty personality and social capital components. Table 5. The test results of correlational between loyalty and social capital. Loyalty sig 0.16 0.35 0.33 0.34 0.22 0.01 0.31 Table 6 shows the results of Pearson correlation between emotional stability features and components of social capital. As specified in the table a correlation between emotional stability and trust is (r = 0.09), common norms (r = 0.03), collaboration (r = 0.08), solidarity (r = 0.21), cooperation (r = 0.06), collective identity (r = 0.18), in general social capital (r = 0.11) showing that except for solidarity and collective identity, other components are insignificant relationship with the characters emotional stability. Table 6. The test results of correlational between emotional stability and social capital. Emotional stability 0.09 0.03 0.08 0.21 0.06 0.18 0.11 sig 0.24 0.46 0.25 0.42 0.07 111
Table 7 shows the results of Pearson correlation between experience features and components of social capital. As specified in the table a correlation between experience and trust is (r = 0.06), common norms (r = 0.07), collaboration (r = 0.06), solidarity (r = 0.16), cooperation (r = 0.12), collective identity (r = ), in general social capital (r = 0.13) showing that components of trust, shared norms and cooperation have a non-significant relationship and the components of solidarity, cooperation and collective identity have a significant positive relationship to experience. Overall, the experience has a positive and significant relationship to social capital. Table 7. The test results of correlational between experience and social capital. Experience 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.16 0.12 0.13 sig 0.37 0.29 0.32 0.04 0.04 0.04 Table 8 shows the summary of the regression model. Multiple correlation value among variables is R = 0.38 showing there is positive correlation between predictor variables (dimensions of personality) and the criterion variable (social capital). Also the adjusted of determination is equal to R adj = %13 showing that %13 of the total variations among the sample study of social capital depend on five predictor variables (dimensions of personality). In other words, the sum of predictive variables explains nearly 13 percent of the social capital variables of the variance. Table 8. Summary of the regression model (predict social capital of the personality dimensions). Model 1 Multiple correlation 0.38 The of determination 0.15 Adjusted of determination 0.13 Standard error 0.17 Durbin Watson 2.23 Table 9 shows the results related to the effect of each variable in the model and the correlation among them. As it is specified in the table, extroversion to regression is (β = 0.34), conscientiousness to regression is (β = -0.30), and agreeableness to regression (β = -) which significantly they have the ability to predict the social capital. Fixed Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional stability Openness to Experience Table 9. The effect results of each variable (multiple regression analysis). Beta - 0.34 0.30 0.09 0.10 t 3.04 16.27 11.68 13.56 2.07 Sig. 0.002 * * 0.03 * * P<0.05* p< ** Due to the lack of independence of errors (the test result of Durbin-Watson), there was no possibility of regression to predict creativity based on personality dimensions. 2.20 0.09 0.11 112
CONCLUSION The aim of the research was the relationship between personality dimensions and social capital of athletic trainers in Azerbaijan Gharbi province. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between extraversion and social capital components. This finding is consistent with the findings of Schefleh (2000) (quoted by Mosallaei et al., 2014). Schefleh (2000) in his study showed that strength of personality, confidence and directing opinion, have a direct impact and relatively strong on all aspects of social capital, while data variables have the relatively weak effect on civic engagement. Extroverted people than introverted ones have more experience than positive emotions, these positive emotions can make them hopeful about their future job performance. More recent studies emphasize the positive aspects, such as being happy, passionate, confident, energetic, and suggests that extroverted people are seeking to gain top positions in his community and, they are good practices in society, unlike introverts they consider themselves effective and useful in society and seek to enjoy more of life (Farahani, 2009). Therefore, extroversion can be provider and creator of the features, such as trust, norms and network. So extroversion can enhance public relations, cross-cultural relationships, trust, empathy, and finally social capital. The results showed that except trust that there was no significant relationship with agreeableness, other factors have a significant positive relationship with the personality agreeableness. Agreeableness agreement was the thoughts, feelings and actions toward others. This then implies respect for others. Adapters and agreeableness people have a spirit of cooperation, sincere and trustworthy. It can be an agreement to make provision in social relationships, tasks and regulations or the relationships between people and the emergence of trust, cooperation, collaboration and social capital increase. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between conscientiousness and social capital indicators that are consistent to the findings Schefleh (2000). Loyalty is a dimension which describes the value of responsibility, hard work and achievement oriented to the behavior of the organization. This dimension refers to the reliability of individual conscience. People with a conscience responsible are sustainable, structured and reliable. The characteristics of these people are that they are upon the work of others, compassion and a sense of others, they have a high level of moral and logical arguments are always in front of others and their own sense of responsibility (Farahani, 2009). All these features lead to increased solidarity, integrity, empathy, social identity and finally social capital. The results showed that except for cohesion and collective identity, other components have an insignificant relationship with the characters emotional stability. Emotional stability (emotional stability) includes characters such as: quiet, calm, polite, happy, cheerful and affable. Being cheerful and affable could be a factor for an identity. The identity is the process that people feel that they with another individual or group of individuals are members of a single group. By increasing social identity, solidarity also increases in the group; therefore, the significance of the two components of identity and social cohesion are justified. The results showed that the factor of trust, shared norms and cooperation have an insignificant relationship and components of cohesion, cooperation and collective identity have a significant positive relationship to experience. Overall, the experience has a positive and significant relationship to social capital. The experience describes the imagination, aesthetics, feelings, ideas, actions and values. This dimension refers to interest and fascination of the man to phenomena and new experiences. Such people are creative, curious and sensitive. People, who are on the other side of the spectrum, follow tradition, and they are comfortable in familiar situations. It seems that curious sensitivity and the high sensitivity of people to the experience leads to a lack of significant elements of trust, cooperation and shared norms, on the other hand creativity, ideas and initiatives of these people led to that a group accept easily these people and they have necessary cohesion to cooperate with them. Since in addition to the personality recognition of trainers can increase the value of general area of work personalities (between the director of the club the trainer - and the trainers with clientele), this research can help managers of the clubs who improve based on personality traits of people, decisions about hiring, and promotion of educators and thus they can improve the performance and increase the efficiency of the club. 113
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