Feeding the Cow to Maximize Butterfat

FEEDING THE COW TO MAXIMIZE BUTTERFAT March,. All Rights Reserved. No part of this presentation may be recorded, transmitted, or modified in any form or by electronic, mechanical, or other means without the written permission of. Feeding the Cow to Maximize Butterfat Department of Animal Science Contact Details: Dr Department of Animal Science allock@msu.edu -- Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada March, Fats in plants are primarily unsaturated Ruminant fats are saturated Objectives Discuss variation in milk fat across individual cows, seasons, & regions Fat Source Fat Suppl. Forages Cereal Grains Oil Seeds Fat Type FAs or TG GL TG TG Rumen Provide an overview of the biology of lipid metabolism in dairy cows Highlight the relationship between the diet, rumen lipid metabolism, and milk fat production Hydrolysis TG GL O-FA O-FA= O-FA= O-FA= O-FA O-Sugar Biohydrogenation OH OH OH OH OH OH Glycerol FAs or TG Propose some ideas on how we can minimize MFD risk and/or correct a MFD situation + Trans FAs FAs FA= FA FA FA PL Microbial cells Microbial phospholipids VFAs Consider how can we use our understanding of the biology of milk fat depression (MFD) to troubleshoot fat test on farms + FA FA= FA= Inert Fats FAs or TG Extensive metabolism of dietary lipids occurs in the rumen and this has a major impact on the profile of FA available for absorption and tissue utilization

March, Milk Component Pricing Not All Components are Valued the Same! Year Summary of Milk Components from US Holstein Herds Milk Composition Milk Component Value Fat Protein Other Solids Water Data from Bill Sanchez from DV Monitors Database Variation in Milk Fat in a Cow Midwest Dairy Herd with MFD Herd averaged ~ lbs of milk for February and March with a milk fat content of.% < lb =.% - lb=.% - lb =.% > lb =.% There is a continuum from high to low milk fat Each herd and each cow is somewhere on this continuum Summary Annual rhythm of milk component content (and yield) that varies by geographical location and herd More northern regions have greater variability in annual changes Each herd and each cow is somewhere on a continuum Important to monitor milk components: - Allow for predicting future concentrations and yields of milk components that may be produced (managing expectations) - Provide benchmarking for determining whether a change in components is to be expected or it is an acute nutrition/management issue (e.g. milk fat depression)

March, Some Points of Consideration WHEN THE COWS DROP IN MILK FAT When milk fat is acceptable - Inclusion of risk factors acceptable and may be advantageous to production and efficiency When milk fat is low: look for a reason - When did it start and what happened ~- d prior? - Is it a certain string or group of cows? ÐHigh Producing cows are normally more susceptible - What season is it? - Is the sample a daily average? Low milk fat is typically not caused by a single factor on farm We can not eliminate all risk factors We probably do not want to eliminate all risk factors Many Factors Cause MFD Physiological State Nutrition Milk Fat Management Environment Bottom Line for Both Minimizing Risk and Correcting a Low Milk Fat Situation? ØUnderstanding & controlling BH pathways & formation of specific BH intermediates

March, Dose Dependent Response Timeline for Milk Fat Depression The extent of MFD is directly related to amount of CLA mfd leaving the rumen and taken up by the MG Magnitude of decrease in milk fat (e.g.. to.%) could be caused by as little as to g/d (<.% dietary DM) of CLA mfd passing to the SI Percentage Change in Milk Fat Yield (Abomasal infusion of CLA studies) - de Veth et al. () - - - - - Dose trans-, cis - CLA (g/d) Key Questions: - When MFD occurs when did the problem originate? - When correcting the diet when do we expect to see improvements? Following a dietary adjustment: - A lag of to days is expected to see MFD Following a diet change: - It will take to days to rescue milk fat synthesis (but should start to see a movement by days) My Key Questions/Thoughts? What does the bulk tank value mean across the herd? Which cows have MFD? Which diets? FA are not only supplied by FA supplements, where else are they coming from? What is the level of fat (fatty acids) in my diet, where are they coming from, how unsaturated is this, and what impact might this have? How variable (or accurate) am I accounting for these? Is my diet too fermentable? Do I need to reduce this? Is there enough fiber/buffer capacity in the diet? Other dietary challenges? Management challenges? Rumen Conditions That Increase CLA mfd Intermediates? Excessive Unsaturated FA Intake Low ph Excess Rapidly Degradable CHO

March, Predicted vs. Actual Dietary Fat Contents Feed Ingredient Variation Farm Wet Chem (% DM) Model (% DM) Actual Difference (% DM) % Difference... %... %... %... %... %.. -. -%.. - -.. -. -% Total FA Concentration (% DM)..... Canola DG. Klein et al.. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. ):. Total FA Concentration (% DM)... corn silage samples from MI and IN from harvest Cottonseed Pasture Grazed Rye Annual Ryegrass Nov Mar Mar June Initial FA % DM Final FA % DM.... Freeman-Pounders et al.. Forage and Grazinglands Use of NIR for Determining FA Content of Feedstuffs Total FA (% DM) Linoleic acid (% total FA) NIR predictions from ~, corn silage samples Milk fat yield (kg/d) MUFA & PUFA Impact on Milk Fat Yield. NoFAT C: LOLL. C: MOLL. HOLL. MOML. LOML LOHL. Dietary FA %DM P-values iso-fat C: vs. C: comparisons Oleic effect linear NoFAT vs. LOML vs. MOLL HOLL vs. LOHL Linoleic effect linear LOLL and quadratic. <. <. Slide courtesy of Lou Armentano He et al.. J Dairy Sci. :

March, Fat yield, Kg/d....... C: intake on Milk Fat Yield y =.x +. R² =. P=.. C: Intake, g/d Importance of Rumen ph (Diet Fermentability) P <. Oba & Allen, J. Dairy Sci. : Allen, J. Dairy Sci. :. ph & Corn Oil Interactions ( hr Results) trans-, cis- : trans- :. ph. ph. ph. ph. Fermentation Rates of Starch Sources Careful consideration should be given to the fermentation rate of starch sources when troubleshooting MFD issues g/ g FA...... y =.x -. R² =. y =.x -. R² =. g/ g FA.... y =.x +. R² =. y =.x +. R² =.. % % % % % % OIL concentration OIL concentration At hr: Culture ph X OIL interaction for trans-, cis- :, P <. Culture ph X OIL interaction for trans- :, P <. Sun et al.. J. Dairy Sci. (E-Suppl. ): - Grain Source Wheat > Barley > HMC > Dry Corn - Moisture High moisture > Dry - Processing Steam flake > Fine ground > Coarse ground > Cracked > Whole

March, Starch Fermentation Careful consideration should be given to the fermentation rate of starch sources.. Starch Content % SC % SC trans-, cis- CLA.. Starch Fermentability DC HMC.. Culture ph ph. ph.... High Moisture Corn High Starch Dry Ground Corn High Moisture Corn Low Starch Dry Ground Corn Milk Yield, kg. a. a. b. b... % SC % SC... DC HMC... ph. ph. Milk Fat, %. b. a. a. a Milk Fat Yield, kg. b. a. ab. ab % SC increased CLA by % No main effect of SF (**P <.) ph. increased CLA by % Oba & Allen.. J Dairy Sci. : Yan, Allen, & Lock, ADSA-ASAS Annual Meeting, Monensin and MFD Interaction Between Unsaturated FA, Starch, and Monensin Management Factors Associated with Reduced Milk Fat No MN MN ( mg/kg DM) Starch Starch-Monensin Starch-Oil Starch-Monensin-Oil Feeding frequency.... Mixing Milk Fat %.. Milk Fat %.. Sorting Slug feeding... Supplemental Soybean Oil (% DM). Low Starch High Starch Stocking density Alzahal et al.. J Dairy Sci. : Van Amburgh et al.. Cornell Nutrition Conference

March, Ration Particle Size Treatment, Fine Medium Coarse P Dry Matter Intake, kg/d.... Milk Yield, kg/d.... Milk Fat, %.... Milk Fat Yield, g/d --- Rumen ph.... Rumination Time, min/ h. Total Chewing Time, min/ h. Arithmetic mean particle size of the fine and course silages used in the study were. and., respectively. Rations formulated on : silage:concentrate basis. Calculated from reported values. Effect of Stocking Rate on Milk Composition (Miner Institute) Stocking Rate, % Item SE P value DMI, kg/d...... Milk, kg/d...... Fat, %. a. ab. ab. b.. Protein, %...... Lactose, %...... SCS...... a,b Means within rows with different superscripts differ (P <.) X X.% FCM kg/d.. Fat %.. Fat Yield, kg/d.. Grant et al., Increasing Acetate Supply Improves Milk And Milk Fat Synthesis In Dairy Cows Urrutia & Harvatine.. J. Nutr. jn. doi:./jn... Percent Change in Milk Fat Yield - - - - Increasing Insulin-Secretagogue Supply Can Reduce Milk Fat Without Effects on Biohydrogenation R² =. -.... Glucose Infused (kg/d) Percent Change in Milk Fat Yield - - - - R² =. -..... Propionate Infused (kg/d) Schmidt & Lock.. J. Dairy Sci. Vol. (Suppl. ):

March, Production Level & MFD Yan, Allen, & Lock (Unpublished) High producer Low producer :; :; :; :; : BH of UFA Shifts in BH pathways Effects on microbial populations RUMEN Effects of NDF/Starch Effects on NDF/Starch K d SMALL INTESTINE Effects on DMI FA Digestibility Milk Fat Content, % Milk Fat Yield, kg/d CON MFDI t, c : in milk Balance of -C + de novo FA Direct effect of specific FA MFD Intermediates ê milk fat synthesis é BW/BCS Use of FA for other purposes - Energy &/or glucose sparing - Delivery of n- + n- FA MAMMARY GLAND Milk Fat / Lactose ADIPOSE LIVER P Trt x pmy =. P Trt x pmy =. P Trt x pmy =. Effect of Dietary FA on Milk Production and Energy Partitioning Dose Response to Supplemental C: Effect of Altering the FA Profile of Supplemental Fats on ECM and BW Milk Fat Concentration (%)........... C: dose, % of ration DM Milk Fat Yield (kg/d)......... C: dose, % of ration DM Maximal yield of milk fat, FCM, and ECM when C: was supplemented at.% ration DM ECM, kg/d c a % C: % C: + % C: P value FA treatment =. b b % C: + % C: BW Change, kg/d....... a a % C: % C: + % C: a P value FA treatment =. b % C: + % C: Rico et al.. J Dairy Sci. (Suppl. ): de Souza et al.. J. Dairy Sci. :

March, ECM, kg/d Primiparous Treatment by Parity Interactions CON Multiparous Treatment <., Parity <. Treatment x Parity =. BW change, kg/d...... CON ECM increased to a greater extent in multiparous (. vs.. kg) BW increased in primiparous but not multiparous Milk FA Yield by Source, g/d Effect of Increasing C: Intake on Milk Fatty Acids De novo Mixed Preformed < -carbons -carbons > -carbons Mixed = +.x R² =. P =. Preformed = +.x R² =. P =. De novo = -.x Primiparous Multiparous R² =. P =. Treatment =., Parity =. Treatment x Parity =. C: intake, g/d Individual cow data (n=) from de Souza & Lock.. J. Dairy Sci. (in press) studies that supplemented C: de Souza & Lock (Unpublished) ECM, kg Treatment X Production Level Interactions........ kg Ratio of C: to cis- C: in FA blend : : : : Low Medium High Production Level cows in an incomplete x Latin square with d periods Supplements fed at.% DM Blends made using combinations of commercially available C:-enriched and Ca-salts palm oil supplements. kg Treatment =., Production <. Treatment x Production=. de Souza & Lock. ADSA Abstract Energy partitioning to milk, % Palmitic and Oleic Effects on Energy Partitioning (Post Peak Cows) y =.x +. R² =. P=. C: intake, g/d Energy partitioning to BW, % y =.x +. R² =. P=. C: intake, g/d de Souza & Lock (Unpublished)

FEEDING THE COW TO MAXIMIZE BUTTERFAT March, Effect of C: Intake on Yield of Fat and ECM Grummer.. Large Dairy Herd Management, nd Edition - - kg CON- - kg -CON - P value FR =., Peak =. FRWeek =. Postpartum FR x Peak =. CON- -CON. -CON -.. -. CON : :. kg CON-. -CON. kg - CON de Souza & Lock (ADSA Abstract, ) CON : : : : CON vs. FAT =. Linear =. Quadratic=. : : : -. de Souza & Lock (ADSA Abstract, ) -CON. FR =., Peak <.. P value FR x Peak =. FR =. CON- Effect of Altering the Palmitic to Oleic Acid Ratio of Supplemental Fats to Fresh Cows FR =., Peak =. FR x Peak =... P value FR =.. -.. -CON...... kg... meq/l CON-. - ECM, kg CON- -CON -CON. kg CON- DMI, kg NDF Digestibility, % NEFA, meq/lndf Digestibility, % NDF Digestibility, % BW, kg NDF Digestibility, %. Effect of C: Intake on Body Weight and NEFA CON- BW, kg - NDF Digestibility, % NDF Digestibility, % - Ideally, fat probably should be left out of the diet immediately postpartum Numerous trials have indicated that there was little benefit from feeding fat during the first to wk postpartum The lack of early lactation response seems to be related to depression in feed intake which offsets any advantage that may be gained by increasing energy density of the diet ECM, kg - NDF Digestibility, % When Should Fat Feeding Begin? Fat Yield, kg NDF Digestibility, % Fatty Acid Supplementation to Early Lactation Cows? CON vs. FAT =. Linear =. Quadratic=. CON: diet (no supplemental fat) FA supplement blends fed at.% DM Supplemental fat blends fed from calving for first wk of lactation CON vs. FAT =. Linear =. Quadratic=. de Souza, St-Pierre, & Lock (Unpublished)

March, Caloric vs. Non-Caloric Effects of Fatty Acids? Effect of specific fatty acids: - Yield of milk and milk components - Maintenance of body condition - Nutrient digestion - Nutrient partitioning - Reproduction - Health FA profile of a fat supplement most likely the first factor in determining the response to it Summary MFD is caused by unique fatty acids (CLA mfd ) originating from ruminal biohydrogenation Rumen environment is critical and involves interactions of numerous dietary, cow, and environmental factors Induction occurs in ~ to d and recovery requires longer (~ to d) depending on the severity of MFD and the dietary changes made to remedy Unsaturated FA intake and diet fermantability are the primary issues to consider When seeking to boost milk components, focus on nutrition, but must not forget the feeding environment & management Management that alters natural feeding, resting, or ruminating behavior can alter milk fat even when the diet is properly formulated Constant Experiment in Progress to maximize energy intake, milk yield, and milk fat yield Vital to benchmark: monitor milk yield and milk fat over time :; Important :; :; to consider :; possible : effects of FA in the rumen (BH/MFD/NDFd), in the small intestine (DMI/digestibility), in the mammary gland (increased incorporation/substitution), BH of UFA and energy partitioning between tissues SMALL INTESTINE Shifts in BH pathways Effects on microbial populations Effects on DMI RUMEN Digestibility appears Effects of NDF/Starch to be a good indicator of inclusion FA Digestibility or not of a FA in the diet, assuming that Effects this on source NDF/Starch of K d FA does not markedly affect DMI Profile of supplemental FA key in determining production responses and Use energy of FA for other purposes partitioning Balance of -C + de novo FA MFD Intermediates ) C: drives increases - Energy &/or glucose sparing Direct effect in milk of specific fat yield FA and ECM ê milk partially fat synthesis due to a decrease in BW é - Delivery of n- + n- FA ) C: and C: drives increases in milk yield and ECM BW/BCS without changing BW loss compared to non-supplemental diet ) Feeding FA supplements in the fresh period has carryover effects on early lactation Milk Fat / Lactose GLAND Recommendation: consider use of FA supplements containing C: and C: MAMMARY ADIPOSE LIVER http://dairynutrition.msu.edu https://www.facebook.com/msudairynutritionprogram allock@msu.edu