TB Could Ruin Your Day (And Your Life)

TB Could Ruin Your Day (And Your Life)

ONE COW HERD MANAGEMENT STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES Genetic Calf/Heifer Raising Dry Cow Maternity Transition Herd Health a. Vaccinations b. Udders Mastitis Edema c. Feet & Legs Nutrition Fertility

REGISTERED/PEDIGREE HERD Type Show Production Merchandising International Registered Bulls Surplus Females

All California Best 3

GENETIC ENGINEERING Artificial Insemination Embryo Transfer 100,000 25 yrs. Sexed Embryos & Semen Genetic Markers Like Begets Like At RuAnn... SELECTION We Want to Have Enough numbers to select only the best.

RUANN MADDOX DAIRY TUBERCULOSIS (TB)?? Certified TB free herd Most tested herd in California history IMPROBABLE! BUT NOT IMPOSSIBLE!

Mycobacterium bovis Part of the Mycobacterium complex that includes M. tuberculosis M. bovis transmission from cattle to humans was once common in the U.S. Drastic reductions due to disease control in cattle herds and routine pasteurization Majority of human M bovis cases now from countries where infection is prevalent in cattle Regional presence in U.S. communities with large Hispanic populations Importation of contaminated dairy products ( fresh cheese ) is a concern

M. bovis Challenges Infects multiple species Very long incubation period Insidious disease onset, multiple forms Limited diagnostic tools, culture takes months Prevention programs are expensive and labor intensive Wildlife reservoir Hi prevalence in many countries

Probability TB Will Be Transmitted Infectiousness of person/animal with TB Environment in which exposure occurs Duration / frequency of exposure Virulence of organism

M. bovis Transmission Cattle-to-cattle transmission Human-to-human transmission (pulmonary cases) Transmitted to humans primarily through consumption of raw dairy products or inhalation of infectious droplets from cattle Possible human-to-cattle transmission?

M. bovis Transmission Foodborne: ingestion of contaminated unpasteurized dairy products Airborne: same as for M. tuberculosis Direct inoculation (cutaneous) Butcher s wart Hunters

TB TRANSMISSION M. Bovis bacteria Exhaled air Sputum Feces Urine Milk 95% bovine TB direct contact

FIRST CALIFORNIA TB HERD December 2007 Slaughter house surveillance 1 ST herd - 4000 animals depopulated (5) 2 nd herd 1000 animals depopulated (1) Same strain of TB Trace in trace out all animals Four 4-H replacement heifers From Maddox Dairy

Dairy herds & dealers receiving Dairy B cattle

June-Aug 2008 One of last trace-out herds tested--- Herd test negative, USDA purchased exposed cows (12 purchased from index herd), enhanced slaughter, kill NGL, lymph nodes submitted--- microscopic TB lesion --- Affected herd #2.. 1000 head One of last trace-in herds--- Top Holstein genetics in the world--- 14,000 head. Sell 3000 breeding bulls / year.. 1 lesioned animal found June August Epidemiology Phase

RUANN - MADDOX DAIRY TB TEST April 25, 2008 8 year old cow born and raised at Ruann Tested clean 2002 & 2003 Immediate quarantine of herds Culture of lymph nodes completed June 1, 2008 TB strain DNA no match 1 st herd Does not match any previous California TB case Source unknown most likely - employee

RUANN MADDOX DAIRY TB ERADICATION PROGRAM Trace in trace out previous five years Trace in - 14 animals purchased Trace out - 14,000 sold 15 states Require 400,000 animals tested 70 veterinarians working full time Cost $200,000,000.00

Aug Dec 2008 Depopulate herd s 1 and 2.. 5000 + 1000 Herd 3 = thousands of trace-outs / multiple states National Incident Management Teams + testing teams from across the country 175 herds / 275,000 head tested Herd 3 Depop??? 35-40.0 m $$$

Shake the foundations of the TB program 1917 program. Hugely successful. Develop a rigid framework. But does it still work???? 3 affected herds 2 different Mycobacterium 3 herds. > 12.0 m $ indemnity only 6 lesioned animals found spend 35 m $ more????

What s the Bottom Line?

How does USDA APHIS compensate or indemnify my loses?

Submissions 12,000 Granuloma Submissions from U.S. Slaughter Plants, 2000 2008 10,000 8,000 8,612 9,565 10,286 10,666 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 5,326 3,900 3,147 436 2,030 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Fiscal Year

INDEX HERD RESULTS 23 tested employees 7 PPD Positive All chest X-rays - negative

M. bovis Human Disease Infection vs. Disease Clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from M. tuberculosis M. bovis more likely to cause extrapulmonary disease (renal, spine, etc.) Certain conditions increase risk of infection or progression to disease

M. bovis in California, 1998-2007 60-90 cases reported / yr 2-4% of total TB cases statewide 737 cases reported in past 10 years Reported statewide Top 3 counties San Diego, LA, Orange

ON FARM TB PREVENTION Maintain a closed herd, if possible Record individual animal identification and maintain accurate records Isolate and test purchased additions Test and isolate cattle re-entering the herd (i.e. contract-raised heifers)

ON FARM TB PREVENTION Arrange professional diagnostic workups of TB-suspicious sick or dead animals Establish a TB testing policy for employees Enhance and enforce premises biosecurity, (prevent contact with cattle that are of unknown TB status).

Pre-employment TESTING All employees shall be tested and declared negative for active TB prior to employment Ongoing Testing Re-test every two years Travelers When travel outside US employee will be tested for TB 3 6 months upon return

PPD POSITIVE RESULTS All employees testing PPD Positive will be Negative X-ray sent for chest X-ray Negative results will clear employee Positive X-ray Positive results prohibit employees from work until medical release by physician Annual Tuberculosis Questionnaire Required to complete a TB health questionnaire satisfactory to medical personnel