Chapter 49 Nervous Systems Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is (are) characteristic of a simple nervous system? A) a nerve net such as is found in cnidarians B) nerve cell ganglia C) having electrical impulses traveling in both directions D) both A and C E) A, B, and C 2) Which of the following is associated with the evolution of a central nervous system? A) a complete gut B) bilateral symmetry C) radial symmetry D) a closed circulatory system E) excitable membranes 3) An organism that lacks integration centers A) cannot receive stimuli. B) will not have a nervous system. C) will not be able to interpret stimuli. D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons. 4) The general functions of the nervous system include which of the following? I. integration II. motor output III. sensory input A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) I, II, and III Answer: E Page 1
5) Integration of simple responses to certain stimuli, such as the patellar reflex, is accomplished by which of the following? A) spinal cord B) hypothalamus C) corpus callosum D) cerebellum E) medulla 6) The blood-brain barrier A) is formed by tight junctions. B) is formed by oligodendrocytes. C) tightly regulates the intracellular environment of the CNS. D) uses chemical signals to communicate with the spinal cord. E) provides support to the brain tissue. 7) Which of the following is a neuropeptide that functions as a natural analgesic? A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) endorphin D) serotonin E) GABA 8) Which of the following is an amino acid that operates at inhibitory synapses in the brain? A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) endorphin D) serotonin E) GABA Answer: E Concept 491 9) Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as all of the following except A) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain. B) a product of the filtration of blood by the brain. C) formed from layers of connective tissue. D) functioning to cushion the brain. E) filling cavities in the brain called ventricles. Page 2
10) The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic actions, or opposing actions are A) motor and sensory. B) sympathetic and parasympathetic. C) presynaptic and postsynaptic. D) forebrain and hindbrain. E) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. 11) Which part of the vertebrate nervous system is most involved in preparation for the fight -or-flight response? A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) visceral E) parasympathetic 12) Which of the following activities would be associated with the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? A) rest and digestion B) release of both acetylcholine and epinephrine C) increased metabolic rate D) fight-or-flight response E) release of epinephrine only 13) In a cephalized invertebrate, which system transmits impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments? A) central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system E) sympathetic nervous system 14) In the vertebrate brain and spinal cord there are several types of glial cells in which system? A) central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system E) sympathetic nervous system Page 3
15) Cranial nerves originate in the brain. They belong to which system? A) central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system E) sympathetic nervous system 16) Which system controls smooth and cardiac muscles of the digestive, cardiovascular, and excretory systems? A) central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system E) sympathetic nervous system 17) Which of the following is correct about the telencephalon region of the brain? A) It develops as the neural tube differentiates. B) It develops from the midbrain. C) It is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates. D) It gives rise to the cerebrum. E) It divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. 18) What controls the heart rate? A) neocortex B) medulla D) pituitary E) cerebellum 19) Which area of the brain is most intimately associated with the unconscious control of respiration and circulation? A) thalamus C) medulla D) corpus callosum E) cerebrum Page 4
20) Which selection is incorrectly paired? A) forebrain diencephalon B) forebrain cerebrum C) midbrain brainstem D) midbrain cerebellum E) brainstem pons 21) Which of the following produces hormones that are secreted by the pituitary gland? D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata 22) Which of the following coordinates muscle actions? D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata 23) Which of the following regulates body temperature? D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata 24) Which of the following contains regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory systems? D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata Answer: E Page 5
25) Which of the following contains regions that help regulate hunger and thirst? D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata 26) Which processes in animals are regulated by circadian rhythms? A) sleep cycles B) hormone release C) sex drive D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Answer: E 27) By comparing the size and degree of convolution of various vertebrate cerebral cortices, biologists would gain insight into the relative A) size of the brain centers of taxonomic groups. B) emotions and learning capabilities of vertebrate classes. C) motor impulse complexities. D) sophistication of behaviors. E) sensory stimuli that regulate motor impulses. 28) The motor cortex is part of which part of the nervous system? C) spinal cord D) midbrain E) medulla 29) Melatonin is a hormone produced in the pineal gland. It can be used to treat symptoms of sleep disorders and seasonal affective disorder because A) it is normally produced only in the light. B) it increases production of serotonin. C) it increases production of tryptophan. D) its peak production is normally at night. E) it activates the brainstem. Application/Analysis Page 6
30) Suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in which structure? A) thalamus B) hypothalamus C) epithalamus D) amygdala E) Brocaʹs area 31) Cerebral palsy, which disrupts motor messages from brain to muscle, is usually due to damage of A) the cerebellum. B) basal nuclei of gray matter. C) basal nuclei of white matter. D) the corpus callosum. E) the neocortex. Application/Analysis 32) Since in mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted neocortex, how can birds, which have no such structure, be capable of sophisticated processing? A) They have a more advanced cerebellum. B) They have a pallium with several flat layers. C) They have a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei. D) They have microvilli to increase the brainʹs surface area. Application/Analysis 33) What do Wernickeʹs and Brocaʹs regions of the brain affect? A) olfaction B) vision C) speech D) memory E) hearing 34) If you were writing an essay, which part of the brain would be most active? A) temporal and frontal lobes B) parietal lobe C) Brocaʹs area D) Wernickeʹs area E) occipital lobe Page 7
35) The establishment and expression of emotions involves the A) frontal lobes and limbic system. B) frontal lobes and parietal lobes. C) parietal lobes and limbic system. D) frontal and occipital lobes. E) occipital lobes and limbic system. 36) Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving A) degree of convolutions in the brainʹs surface. B) evolution of the telencephalon. C) sequence of developmental specialization. D) chemicals involved in brain communications. E) nature of the blood-brain barrier. Synthesis/Evaluation 37) Which of the following describes the functional controls of Wernickeʹs area? A) It is active when speech is heard and comprehended. B) It is active during the generation of speech. C) It coordinates the response to olfactory sensation. D) It is active when you are reading silently. E) It is found on the left side of the brain. 38) When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, which of the following occurred? A) They could no longer reason. B) They lost short-term memory. C) They had different emotional responses. D) They lost long-term memory. E) They lost their sense of balance. Application/Analysis 39) Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the A) brainstem. B) medulla. C) hypothalamus. D) hippocampus. E) cranial nerves. Concept 49.4 Page 8
40) Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that A) schizophrenia results in hallucinations. B) schizophrenia results in both manic and depressive states. C) schizophrenia results in decreased dopamine. D) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment. E) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines. Concept 49.5 Application/Analysis 41) While more Alzheimerʹs disease is not hereditary, there is one subset of cases, called Familial Alzheimerʹs Disease (FAD) that can be seen to be transmitted through pedigrees. FAD has earlier age of onset but is otherwise similar. Which of the following groups of genes would you expect to be involved? A) genes for amyloid or amyloid cleaving enzymes B) genes for dopamine precursors C) genes for biogenic amines D) genes for premature aging E) genes for microtubules Concept 49.5 Synthesis/Evaluation 42) Which of the following is a discovery that suggests that neural stem cells might someday be used to treat brain disease? A) the discovery that each disease affects specialized cells B) the discovery that each disease affects different neurotransmitters C) the discovery that brain cells are capable of cell division D) the discovery of the function of specific groups of glia Concept 49.5 Synthesis/Evaluation Self-Quiz Questions 1) Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present in the A) basal nuclei. B) cerebral cortex. C) brainstem. D) limbic system. E) spinal cord. 2) Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function? A) limbic system motor control of speech B) medulla oblongata homeostatic control C) cerebellum coordination of movement and balance D) corpus callosum communication between the left and right cerebral cortices E) hypothalamus regulation of temperature, hunger, and thirst Page 9
3) What is the neocortex? A) a primitive brain region that is common to reptiles and mammals B) a region deep in the cortex that is associated with the formation of emotional memories C) a central part of the cortex that receives olfactory information D) an additional outer layer of neurons in the cerebral cortex that is unique to mammals E) an association area of the frontal lobe that is involved in higher cognitive functions 4) Patients with damage to Wernickeʹs area have difficulty A) coordinating limb movement. B) generating speech. C) recognizing faces. D) understanding language. E) experiencing emotion. 5) The sympathetic division of the autonomic portion of the PNS does all of the following except A) relaxing bronchi in lungs. B) inhibiting bladder emptying. C) stimulating glucose release. D) accelerating heart rate. E) stimulating the salivary glands. Answer: E 6) The cerebral cortex plays a major role in all of the following except A) short-term memory. B) long-term memory. C) circadian rhythm. D) foot-tapping rhythm. E) breath holding. Page 10