Rational Pharmacotherapy of the Inner Ear

Rational Pharmacotherapy of the Inner Ear

Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Vol. 59 Series Editor W. Arnold Munich

Rational Pharmacotherapy of the Inner Ear Volume Editors D. Felix Berne E. Oestreicher Munich 44 figures, 3 in color, and 9 tables, 2002 Basel Freiburg Paris London New York New Delhi Bangkok Singapore Tokyo Sydney

Prof Dr. D. Felix Dr. E. Oestreicher Division of Neurobiology ENT-Department University of Berne Technical University of Munich Baltzerstrasse 6 Ismaninger Strasse 22 CH 3012 Berne (Switzerland) D 81675 Munich (Germany) Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents and Index Medicus. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright 2002 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH 4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Switzerland on acid-free paper by Reinhardt Druck, Basel ISSN 0065 3071 ISBN 3 8055 7279 4

Contents IX Preface Comparative Anatomy Neurotransmission 3 Anatomical Differences in the Peripheral Auditory System of Mammals and Man Felix, H. (Zürich) 33 Neurotransmission in the Human Labyrinth Schrott-Fischer, A.; Kammen-Jolly, K.; Scholtz, A.W. (Innsbruck); Kong, W.-J. (Hua-Zhong); Eybalin, M. (Montpellier) 38 Different Action of Memantine and Caroverine on Glutamatergic Transmission in the Mammalian Cochlea Oestreicher, E. (Munich/Berne); Ehrenberger, K. (Vienna); Felix, D. (Berne) 26 Role of Substance P in the Peripheral Vestibular and Auditory System Felix, H. (Zürich); Oestreicher, E. (Munich/Berne); Felix, D. (Berne); Ehrenberger, K. (Vienna) Hair Cells Ion Channels 35 Calcium Channels in Mouse Hair Cells: Function, Properties and Pharmacology Engel, J.; Michna, M. (Tübingen); Platzer, J.; Striessnig, J. (Innsbruck)

Vascular System Ion Homeostasis 42 Adrenergic and Muscarinic Control of Cochlear Endolymph Production Wangemann, P. (Manhattan) 53 Cochlear Blood Flow Regulation Wangemann, P. (Manhattan) 58 ET A Receptors in the Gerbil Spiral Modiolar Artery Scherer, E.Q.; Wangemann, P. (Manhattan) Immunology Cell Cycle 66 Immunological Damage to the Inner Ear: Current and Future Therapeutic Strategies Ryan, A.F. (San Diego/La Jolla); Pak, K.; Low, W.; Battaglia, A.; Mullen, L.; Harris, J.P.; Keithley, E.M. (San Diego) 75 Pharmacological Influence on Inner Ear Endothelial Cells in Relation to the Pathogenesis of Sensorineural Hearing Loss Gloddek, B.; Lamm, K.; Arnold, W. (Munich) 84 Mpv37 Mouse Strain A Model for the Relationship between the Kidney and the Inner Ear Meyer zum Gottesberge, A.M.; Balz, V. (Düsseldorf); Felix, H. (Zürich) Ototoxicity, Noise and Aging 93 Sensitivity to Glutamate Neurotoxicity in Different Developmental Periods of the Rat Cochlea Carricondo, F.; Bartolomé, M.V.; Vicente-Torres, M.A.; Fernández-Pacheco, P.; Rodríguez, T.; Gil-Loyzaga, P. (Madrid) 96 Protective Mechanisms of Sound Conditioning Niu, X.; Canlon, B. (Stockholm) 306 Effects of Aging on C57BL/6J Mice: An Electrophysiological and Morphological Study Bartolomé, M.V.; del Castillo, E.; López, L.M.; Carricondo, F.; Poch-Broto, J.; Gil-Loyzaga, P. (Madrid) 332 Effects of Aging on Cochlear Monoamine Turnover Vicente-Torres, M.A.; Dávila, D.; Muñoz, E.; Gil-Loyzaga, P. (Madrid) 336 Degeneration Pattern of Human First-Order Cochlear Neurons Felix, H.; Pollak, A. (Zürich); Gleeson, M. (London); Johnsson, L.-G. (Helsinki) Contents VI

Present and Future Strategies 324 The Inner Hair Cell Afferent/Efferent Synapses Revisited: A Basis for New Therapeutic Strategies Puel, J.-L.; Ruel, J.; Guitton, M.; Pujol, R. (Montpellier) 333 Neurotransmission of the Cochlear Inner Hair Cell Synapse Implications for Inner Ear Therapy Oestreicher, E. (Munich/Berne); Arnold, W. (Munich); Felix, D. (Berne) 340 Simulation of Methods for Drug Delivery to the Cochlear Fluids Salt, A.N. (St. Louis) 349 Transtympanic Endoscopy for Drug Delivery to the Inner Ear Using a New Microendoscope Plontke, S.K.-R. (Tübingen); Plinkert, P.K.; Plinkert, B. (Tübingen/Homburg, Saar); Koitschev, A.; Zenner, H.-P.; Löwenheim, H. (Tübingen) 356 Clinical Experience with Caroverine in Inner Ear Diseases Ehrenberger, K. (Vienna) 363 Author Index 364 Subject Index Contents VII

Preface This 59th volume of the series Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology is dedicated to the evolving area of inner ear pharmacology. Sudden hearing loss, progressive hearing loss, presbycusis, noise trauma, Ménière s disease, ototoxicity and tinnitus are examples of inner ear disorders that often cannot be treated sufficiently. Although a wide range of interesting new concepts in basic research on inner ear physiology, pathophysiology and therapy have been published over the last years, only few have been adapted to the medical management of inner ear diseases. This might be due to a still deficient exchange between experts in basic research and clinicians in the field of otology and inner ear diseases. The present volume is a compilation of reviews and reports dealing with all aspects of inner ear research (physiology, anatomy, neurotransmission, vascular system, differentiation, regeneration and immunology) as well as reports on experimental inner ear therapy and clinical trials on new inner ear treatment strategies. It provides an overview on recent knowledge on inner ear pharmacology by some of the experts in this field. Most of the included reports and reviews were presented at the Second International Symposium on Inner Ear Pharmacology on Rational Pharmacotherapy of the Inner Ear from Basic Research to Clinics, held in Wildbad Kreuth, Germany, from October 5 to 8, 2000. Inspired by the First Symposium on the Pharmacology of the Inner Ear, held in Montpellier in 1994, the objective of the second meeting was to bring together a representative faculty of experts in basic research and clinicians interested in otology and inner ear diseases. The fruitful discussions of these two groups should stimulate the design of future treatment strategies of inner ear diseases based on recent scientific knowledge on the pharmacology of the inner ear. IX

It is the hope of the editors that this volume will be further step towards the development of new treatments of inner ear diseases as a result of the collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians. In this regard the volume should be interesting to both scientists and clinicians and inspire future research on the inner ear. Munich, Berne, October 2001 Elmar Oestreicher ENT Department Technical University of Munich Dominik Felix Department of Neurobiology University of Berne Preface X