Anatomy Review: The Heart Graphics are used with permission of A.D.A.M. Software, Inc. and Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. Anatomy Views Label the diagrams of the heart below: Interactive Physiology
Study Questions on Anatomy Review: The Heart: 1. What s the difference between the blood in the right side of the heart and the left side of the heart? On the diagram below, color the oxygen-rich blood red and the oxygen-poor blood blue. Label the parts:
2. a. Where does the blood go that is pumped out of the right heart? b. What happens to the blood in the lungs? c. Where does the blood go that is pumped out of the left heart? 3. What is the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit? 4. What three structural features are found on histological images of cardiac muscle? 5. What are the names of the two types of cell junctions in cardiac muscle cells? 6. What is the function of desmosomes? 7. What is the function of gap junctions? Intrinsic Conduction System Graphics are used with permission of A.D.A.M. Software, Inc. and Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. 1. What is the purpose of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
2. What type of cells are present in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart? 3. Intrinsic Conduction System Label this diagram which shows the location of the autorhythmic, or nodal cells of the intrinsic conduction system: 4. Match the six areas within the heart where autorhythmic cells are found to their location within the heart. Location Within the Heart: Areas Where Autorhythmic Cells Are Found: a. Interatrial septum to the interventricular septum. Internodal Pathway b. Lower interventricular septum to the AV Node myocardium of the ventricles. Bundle Branches c. Inferior interatrial septum. SA Node d. Upper right atrium. Purkinje Fibers
e. Throughout the walls of the atria. AV Bundle f. Within the interventricular septum. 5. Match the six areas within the heart where autorhythmic cells are found to their function. Functions: Areas Where Autorhythmic Cells Are Found: a. Initiates the depolarization impulse that generates an action Internodal Pathway potential, setting the overall pace AV Node of the heartbeat. Bundle Branches b. Convey the action potential to the SA Node contractile cells of the ventricle. Purkinje Fibers c. Delays the action potential while AV Bundle the atria contract. d. Links the SA node to the AV node, distributing the action potential to the contractile cells of the atria. e. Electrically connects the atria and the ventricles, connecting the AV node to the Bundle Branches. f. Conveys the action potential down the interventricular septum. 6. Explain the difference between the electrical and mechanical events which occur within the heart, and explain the cell types that carry out each. Which occurs first, the electrical or mechanical events? 7. ECG Wave On the following diagram indicate where the following normally occur: atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, ventricular repolarization, atrial repolarization
8. a. The P wave indicates the electrical event of atrial depolarization. What mechanical event follows the P wave? b. The QRS complex indicates the electrical event of ventricular depolarization. What mechanical event follows the QRS complex? c. The T wave indicates the electrical event of ventricular repolarization. What mechanical event follows the T wave? Cardiac Output Graphics are used with permission of A.D.A.M. Software, Inc. and Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. Study Questions on Cardiac Output: 1. Define cardiac output.
2. What two factors does cardiac output depend on? 3. What is the mathematical relationship between cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume. 4. Define heart rate. 5. What is the average heart rate in an adult at rest? 6. Define stroke volume. 7. What is the average stroke volume in an adult at rest? 8. Define end diastolic volume. 9. Define end systolic volume. 10. What is the mathematical relationship between end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, and stroke volume? 11. If the ESV is 50 ml and the EDV is 120 ml, what is the stroke volume? 12. If the heart rate is 75 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 70 ml per beat, then what is the cardiac output? 13. What s the relationship between cardiac muscle stretch and force of contraction? What effect does this have on stroke volume? 14. What is the effect of increased sympathetic activity on heart rate and stroke volume? How does this effect cardiac output? 15. What is the effect of increased parasympathetic activity on heart rate and stroke volume?
16. What is the effect of exercise on heart rate and stroke volume? How does this effect cardiac output? Anatomy Review: Blood Vessel Structure & Function Graphics are used with permission of A.D.A.M. Software, Inc. and Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. Study Questions on Anatomy Review: Blood Vessel Structure & Function: 1. What is the central blood-containing space of a blood vessel called? 2. What are the names of the three distinct layers of a blood vessel from innermost to outermost? 3. What is the tunica intima composed of? 4. What is the function of endothelium? 5. What two structures is the tunica media composed of? What is the purpose of each? 6. What is the tunica adventitia composed of? What is its function? 7. Label the artery, capillary and vein. Also label the layers of each.
8. What layer of elastic arteries allows them to stretch and recoil? 9. Define vasodilation and vasoconstriction. 10. What is the name of the smallest type of artery? How is it different than the aorta? 11. What are capillaries made of? How does that affect their function? 12. How does the structure of veins differ from arteries? 13. What is the heaviest wall layer in veins? 14. List the three factors that assist in returning blood to the heart. 15. What is the structure and function of venous valves? 16. Tell if the following are characteristic of arteries, capillaries or veins: a. Presence of smooth muscle allows them to constrict and dilate. b. Lumens are largest. c. Have the thickest tunica media. d. Are able to accommodate a large volume of blood.
e. Exposed to the highest pressures of any vessels. f. The link between arteries and veins in the pathway of blood. g. Experience the least pressure. h. The smallest vessels. i. Vessels that transport blood away from the heart. j. The tunica adventitia is the heaviest wall layer. k. Presence of elastin allows them to stretch and recoil. I. Walls consist of just a thin tunica intima. m. Role: the exchange of materials between the blood and the interstitial fluid.