Finding Feeding Bottlenecks on Dairy Farms Dr. Mike Hutjens Extension Dairy Specialist University of Illinois Give Up Ration dry matter is 1 to 12 cents per pound Finding Feeding Bottlenecks on Dairy D i F Farms One pound of dry matter should sport 2 to t 2 2.5 5 pounds d more ilk Four State Dairy Confernce If is $.16 cents a pound, 1 cents worth of dry matter yields $.22 more profit / income Today s Program Getting The Right Cows on the Bus Mature Cows gp Four feeding pillars for 216 Level of (Source: 216 DRPC) 22 7 lb 28,3 22, 28 3 lb ---------Peak (lb)-------- Using g on-farm tools Focus on profitability p y 216 1st lactation 76.6 92.3 2nd lactation 95.7 116.6 3rd+ lactation l t ti 13 13. 125 4 125.4 Pillar #1 Pillar # 2 Building Your Check 92 N
Fat and Protein Relationships (Hoards Dairyman, 215) ) Additives For Lactating Cows Rumen buffers Yeast culture/yeast products Monensin (Rumensin) Silage inoculants Biotin Organic trace minerals Value of Components (Prices for February, 216) Holstein herd: 7 lb, 3.5% fat, and 2.9% true protein corrected to 3.7% fat and 3.% true protein 7 lb x.2% point increase =.14lb of fat x $2.38 / lb fat = $.33 7 lb x.1% point increase protein =.7 lb protein x $1.78 / lb = $.12 Profit potential: ti $.45 45/ / cow / day Additives For Close Up Dry Cows Yeast culture/yeast products Monensin (Rumensin) Silage inoculants Organic trace minerals + chromium Anionic product (if DCAD is > +2 meq/kg or 2 meq/1 gm) Pounds of Protein and Fat (215-DHIR) Breed / Day Fat Protein Total Brown Swiss 22,59 / 61.66 246 2.46 24 2.4 45 4.5 Jersey 19,278/ 52.8 2.55 1.92 4.5 Holstein 25,476 / 7 2.61 2.24 4.9 8 298 2.98 242 2.42 54 5.4 9 3.36 2.72 6.1 1 373 3.73 32 3.2 68 6.8 Additives For Fresh Cows Rumen buffers Yeast culture/yeast products Monensin (Rumensin) Calcium splement (bolus/drench) Silage inoculants Biotin Organic trace minerals + chromium Rumen protected choline Pillar #3 If It Was Pillar #4 At $26 ; It Is At $16 Building Your Check It s A Dairy Business If It Was At $26 ; It Is At $16 Building Your Check 93
Feeding Economics 216 Feed costs per cow per day $4.91 Feed cost per lb DM $.1 Using the Feed Efficiency Production 8 lb 7 lb Feed cost per cwt $ 6.14 $ 7.1 Income over feed costs ($16) $ 9.86 $ 8.99 1.6 1.4 Feed efficiency (lb 3.5% FC /lb DM) Using Feed Efficiency as a Tool On-Farm Tools: Which Ones Are You Using? Evaluate the relationship between yield and dry matter intake Monitor changes with forage and ration shifts Compare gro values on your farm On-Farm Tools and Measurements Grain particle size Forage particle size Fecal washing Fecal scoring Silage fermentation Fecal starch values Locomotion scoring Feed efficiency urea nitrogen Dairy y Efficiency y Dairy Efficiency: Pounds of fat corrected divided by pounds of DM consumed High cows > 1.7 Hi h gro, mature t 17 High gro, 1st lactation > 1.6 Low o gro g o > 1.3 3 One gro TMR herds > 1.5 Fresh cows < 1.5 13 Concern (one gro) < 1.3 Example: 75 lb / 5 lb DMI = 1.5 3.5% FCM = ((.4324 x lb of )) + ((16.216 x lb of fat)) Body condition scoring Economics of Feed Efficiency De-Bottlenecking g (7 lb, 1 cent lb DM) Lost $$$ Feed efficiency (lb /lb DM) 1.3 DMI (lb/day) 54 1.4 5 1.5 47 Difference (savings/day) $ 4 $.4 $ 3 $.3 94
Shelled Corn Energy Values Mcal/lb DM Using the Forage NDFD Cracked (22 micron).84 84 Ground (15 micron).89 High moisture (> 28%).93 Steam flaked (26-28 (26 28 bu).93 High lysine (soft endo).94 Finely Fi l ground d (<8 ( 8 mic) i ).96 96 Particle Size Guidelines Screen Size #8 #16 #3 Pan H.M. Corn (>3%) HM C 75 25 H.M. Corn (25-3) 25 5 25 H.M. Corn (<25%) <1 3 5 <2 Dry corn <1 3 5 <2 2 29 44 6 Sample Shakeout 179,753 Samples 214 Crop Year #4 1 Use of undf Measuring On The Farm Determines rumen fill from forage sources Send a sample to the forage lab and get a mean particle size and spread in particle size Guideline 6. 6.2 (Holstein) G id li is i 6 tto 6 2 pounds d off undf-24 NDF 24 (H l t i ) and 5. lb undf-3 (Jersey) Dry corn: 5 to 8 micron depending on hybrid starch form Holstein Example: 3% ration NDF X 5 lb DMI X 4% undfd = 6. lb undf This herd should be able to consume this level of dryy matter intake based on undf ration levels Using a flour sifter sifter, target 33% on the top and 67% as flour particle size Corn Particle Measurements Forage Particle Measurements 95
CONSISTENCY Penn State Separator Guidelines Score 1 Score 2 Top T 2nd 3rd B tt Bottom --------------- % (as fed) --------------TMR 1-15 > 4 < 3 < 2 Haylage > 4 > 4 < 2 < 5 5-15 > 5 < 3 Score 4 < 5 Example: Recommended Stacks 2 to 3 inches inches, dry Example: Dry cow, low protein, high fiber Score 5 p Loose, splatters, little form Example: fresh cow, cows on pasture Score 3 Stacks 1 to 1 1/2 inches, dimpled, 2 to 4 concentric rings, sticks ti k tto b boott (3/4 TLC-Process) Example: sick cow, off feed, cows on pasture Corn silage Thin fluid, Thin, fluid arcs, arcs green Stacks over 3 inches Example: All forage, sick cow Manure Scores (Hutjens Biases) Silage Fermentation Profile High Hi h pens < 1% score 1 < 25% score 2 Low pens < % score 1 <1% score 2 Recommended Fermentation Profile for Ensiled Feeds Measurement Dry matter (%) Legume/grass 35 to 5 Corn Silage 3 to 35 H.M. Corn 7 to 75 ph 4.3 to 4.7 3.8 to 4.2 4. to 4.5 Lactic acid (%) 4. to 6. 5. to 1. 1. to 2. Acetic acid (%).5 to 2.5 1. to 3. <.5 Propionic acid (%) < 25 <.25 < 1 <.1 < 1 <.1 Butyric acid (%) <.25 <.1 <.1 Ethanol t a o (%DM) (% ) <1. <3. 3 <2. Ammonia (%CP) <12. <8. <1. Lactic/Acetate >2.5 >3. >3. Lactic (% total) >7 >7 >7 Fecall F St Starch h Manure S Scoring i 96
response Fecal starch should be less than 4.5% represents total tract apparent digestibility of 9+ percent. If fecal starch can be reduced 1 unit (absolute decrease from 1% to 9%), production could increase.67 pound (dry matter intake remains constant). Hutjens Guidelines/Checklist undf < 6. lb Fecal scoring >8% @ 3. Fecal starch values <4% Locomotion scoring < 1% @ 3 Body condition scoring 2.75 to 3.25 Urea Nitrogen (MUN) MUN Values Old guidelines 12-16 mg/dl Old guidelines 1-14 mg/dl New guidelines 8-12 mg/dl Reproductive concerns > 16 mg /dl Protein losses (1 to 15) 2+ lb sbm Environmental concerns Hutjens Guidelines/Checklist Grain particle size 5 to 8 micron TMR particle size 1/45/45 Silage fermentation 7% lactic/3% acetic Feed efficiency > 1.5 lb 3.5% FCM/lb DM urea nitrogen 8 to 12 mg/dl 97