* Keizo TAKEMI Member, House of Councilors
Trends in Healthy Life Expectancy in Japan Life Expectancy Healthy Life Expectancy (Years) 90 Male (Years) 90 Female 85 80 75 78.07 78.64 79.19 79.55 85 80 75 84.93 85.59 85.99 86.30 70 69.40 69.47 70.33 70.42 70 72.65 72.69 73.36 73.62 65 2001 2004 2007 20 65 2001 2004 2007 20
1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Prevention of Lifestyle-Related Diseases Hypertensive disease 0.6% Diabetes mellitus 1.2% Lifestyle-related diseases account for approximately 57% of deaths. Others 43% Malignant neoplasm 28.5% Heart disease Cerebro 15.6% -vascular disease 9.9% COPD 1.3% Mortality rate 300 250 200 150 0 50 0 Disease structure in Japan has shifted from infectious diseases to lifestyle-related diseases. Transition of mortality in Japan (main cause-specific) (per 0,000 population) (main cause of death and mortality in 20) Malignant neoplasm (cancer) 279.7 Heart disease 149.8 Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) 97.7 Pneumonia 94.1 Tuberculosis 1.7 * Medical care fees related to lifestyle-related diseases account for approximately 30% (8.8 trillion yen) of general medical treatment fees (27.2 trillion yen) (FY20). Urgent need to implement comprehensive prevention of lifestyle-related diseases Short-term effect is not necessarily great, but in the medium to long term, it will be an important key to extending healthy life expectancy and reducing medical expenditures.
Plans to develop/strengthen national multisectoral plan for NCDs Health Japan 21 (2 nd edition) (2013~2022) 1 Extend healthy life expectancy, reduce health inequity Eventual goal through the improvement of lifestyles and social environments Government to promote comprehensive measures for NCDs and promote support in several fields such as health and care. 2 Reducing the incidence of NCDs and preventing NCD progression To promote measures that focus on primary prevention and prevention of disease progression to deal with cancer, CVD, DM, and COPD Government to promote behavior change or arrangement of social environments that are beneficial to health such as healthy diet, physical activity, and smoking cessation. Also, take measures to promote health check-ups and health guidance. 3 Maintain and improve the necessary functions that help people engage in social activities To aim at living self-reliant lives and to promote mental health, health for the next generation, and health for the aged based on life stages Government to promote the improvement of mental health, promotion of maternal health, and care prevention. 4 Arrange the environment to support and protect health Arrange environments that protect health based on mutual support, including people who having difficulty living long and mentally affluent lives. Government to share information about activities done by the private sectors for health promotion, and to promote the evaluation of these activities. 5 Improve the social environment and lifestyles that are related to diet, physical activity, recreation, smoking, drinking, and oral health To attain these goals, the government will promote the improvement of lifestyles and analyze the characteristics of each target population and their health challenges
Targets and indicators considered in the national multisectoral NCD plan Example of specific targets in Health Japan 21 (the 2 nd term) item current target Mean duration in which people can live with no limitation on daily life Reduce age-standardized mortality rate due to cancerto under 75 years (per 0,000 persons ) Mean systolic blood pressure Number of newly introduced dialysis patient due to diabetes M 70.42 yo F 73.62 yo 84.3 73.9 M 138mmHg F 133mmHg Longer than that of life expectancy M 134mmHg F 129mmHg 16,247 people 15,000 people Proportion of obesity (BMI 25) among males aged 20s to 60s 31.2% 28% Total amount of salt intake (g/day).6g 8g number of steps in daily life among people aged 20 to 64 Reduce the proportion of people drinking alcohol at levels high enough to increase their risk of lifestyle-related diseases* M 7,841 steps F 6,883 steps M 15.3% F 7.5% Adult smoking rate 19.5% 12% Number of people over 80 who have more than 20 of their own teeth. pure alcohol consumption per day : Male 40g or more, Female 20g or more 25.0% 50% M 9,000 steps F 8,500 steps M 13% F 6.4%
50 40 30 20 0 % 49.2 26.2.3 47.4 27.0 24.4 11.5 45.9 9.9 Adult Smoking Rate Minor Smoking Rate (%) 60 Total 43.3 24.0.2 27.7 26.4 11.3 46.8 43.3 12.0 39.3 24.2 11.3 39.9 23.8.0 39.4 24.1 11.0 36.8 21.8 23.4 9.1 Male Female 38.2 32.2 19.5.9 8.4 Reference: National Nutrition Survey (until 2002) National Health and Nutrition Survey (from 2003) Definitions of smoking rates are different between these two surveys. 32.4 20.1 9.7 96 00 04 08 96 00 04 08 96 00 04 08 96 00 04 08 0 20 40.9 9.4 5.1 2.9 Boys 2.5 Aged 12-14 years 4.9 5.6 Girls 3.6 1.9 1.5 30.7 29.9 15.9 9.7 Boys 7.1 Aged 15-17 years 12.6 13.1 8.2 4.5 Girls 3.5 Reference: Uehata (1996,2000), Hayashi (2004) Ooida (2008,20)
Two major causes of death from NCDs are Smoking and Hypertension Figure:the number of deaths from risk factors related to NCDs and injuries in Japan, 2007 Tobacco smoking High blood pressure Smoking, 129000 Physical inactivity High blood glucose High dietary sodium intake Alcohol use H. pylori High LDL choesterol Hepatites C virus Low PUFA intake High body mass index Hepatitis B virus Low fruit and vegetable intake Human papillomavirus HTLV-1 High TFA intake Cardiovascular Cancer Diabetes Mellitus Respiratory Other NCD Injuries 0 20 40 60 80 0 120 140 Annual number of deaths, thousands Resources: Ikeda N, et al. What has made the population of Japan healthy? Lancet 2011;378:94-15 Ikeda N, et al. PLoS Med 2012;9:e01160
Measures Current data Goal 1Decrease in adult smoking rate 2Eradication of smoking among minors 3Eradication of smoking among pregnant women 4Decrease in percentage of facilities with exposure to secondhand smoke National target for tobacco smoking 19.5% (H22) 12% (2022) First year of junior high school Boys 1.6% Girls 0.9% Third year of high school (H22) Boys 8.6% Girls 3.8% Governmental institutions Medical institutions Worksites 0% (2022) 5.0%(H22) 0% (2014) 16.9% (H20) 0% (2022) 13.3% (H20) 0% (2022) 64% (H23) Worksites no secondhand smoke (2020) Households.7% (H22) 3% (2022) Restaurants 50.1% (H22) 15% (2022)
Recent Tobacco control measures in Japan 1Health Japan 21(The second term) On April 1st, 2013, the government started Ent Health Japan (the 2 nd term). It set a 12% adult smoking rate by 2022 as the national target. 2Standard Health Checkup and Healthcare Standard Health Checkup and Healthcare Guidance Programs (The revised edition) and Manual for Smoking Cessation (the 2 nd edition) were published to promote smoking cessation support in health checkups and health guidance as a national system for NCDs prevention and control. 3Tobacco Quitline Tobacco Quitline was established in designated cancer hospitals to establish tobacco counselors who provide tobacco cessation support, conduct public awareness campaigns, and coordinate human resources and infrastructure among communities, workplaces, and medical institutes.