Tension Stimulus voltage Muscle tension Length-Tension Relationship Amount of tension and force of contraction depends on how stretched or contracted muscle was before it s stimulated Length-Tension Relationship Optimum resting length If overly contracted at rest, a weak contraction results if too stretched before stimulated, a weak contraction results Overly contracted Overly stretched If Sarcomre is < 60% or >175% of original length develop no tension optimum resting length produces greatest force when muscle contracts CNS adjusts our muscle tone state of partial contraction Tension generated 1.0 0.5 maintains optimum length i.e., always ready for action 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Sarcomere length (µm) before stimulation 11-1 11-2 Behavior of Whole Muscles Phases of twitch contraction threshold - minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential in the muscle fiber and produce a contraction Latent Period: time required for excitation, excite/coupling and tension - internal tension, no shortening Contraction Relaxation twitch a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation subthreshold electrical stimulus causes = no contraction 11-3 Contraction sliding filamants - external tension Relaxation - SR reabsorbs Ca +2, myosin releases actin - - tension declines muscle returns to resting length twitch lasts from 7 to 100 msec Time of stimulation Latent period Time Figure 11.13 11-4 Contraction Strength of Twitches subthreshold stimulus no contraction at all at threshold intensity and above - a twitch is produced twitches caused by increased voltage are no stronger than those at threshold i.e. muscles follow all-or-none law (contracting to its maximum or not at all) not exactly true twitches vary in strength depending upon: stimulus frequency - stimuli arriving closer together produce stronger twitches concentration of Ca +2 in sarcoplasm can vary the frequency how stretched muscle was before it was stimulated temperature : warmed-up muscle contracts more strongly enymes work more quickly ph: if low in sarcoplasm weakens contraction - fatigue hydration of muscle affects overlap of actin & myosin 11-5 Recruitment and Stimulus Intensity Threshold 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Stimuli to nerve Proportion of nerve fibers excited 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Responses of muscle Maximum contraction Figure 11.14 stimulating nerve with higher and higher voltages produces stronger contractions higher voltages excite more nerve fibers in the motor nerve which stimulates more motor units to contract recruitment or multiple motor units (MMU) summation bringing more motor units into play 11-6 1
Length or Tension Twitch Strength & Stimulus Frequency Twitch Treppe: stimulus right after relaxation following tension is greater than previous Muscle twitches Muscle develops tension but does not shorten Muscle shortens, tension remains constant Muscle lengthens while maintaining tension Movement No movement Movement (a) Stimuli (b) Incomplete tetanus: stimuli before muscle relaxes = summation of twitches rapid cycles of contr. & relax. Tension rises! Complete tetanus: freq so great there is no relaxation (a) Isometric contraction (b) Isotonic concentric contraction (c) Isotonic eccentric contraction Fatigue (c) (d) 11-7 Isometric and Isotonic Phases of Contraction Isometric Muscle tension at the beginning of contraction isometric muscle tension rises but muscle does not shorten when tension overcomes resistance of the load tension levels off muscle begins to shorten and move the load isotonic Time Muscle length Isotonic 11-9 Muscle Metabolism all muscle contraction depends on ATP ATP supply depends on availability of: oxygen organic energy sources such as glucose and fatty acids two main pathways of ATP synthesis - aerobic respiration produces far more ATP less toxic end products (CO 2 and water) requires a continual supply of oxygen anaerobic fermentation produce ATP in the absence of O 2 yields little ATP and lactic acid, a major factor in muscle fatigue 11-10 Overview of ATP Production Modes of ATP Synthesis During Exercise Stages of glucose oxidation Glycolysis Anaerobic fermentation No oxygen available Aerobic respiration Oxygen available Mitochondrion Glucose 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP Pyruvic acid Lactic acid CO 2 + H 2O 36 ADP + 36 P i Glycogen: - Stored in Liver, Skeletal muscles, heart - Can be changed into glucose 0 10 seconds 40 seconds Duration of exercise Mode of ATP synthesis At rest most ATP During short intense Now muscles generated by exercise Aerobic using aerobic respir. of respiration Glycogen fatty acids - using oxygen from lactic acid Myoglobin - ATP is system used up quickly until (anaerobic respiratory system fermentation) catches up until then Phosphcreatine!!!!! Until it gets used up!!!! Repayment of oxygen debt Aerobic respiration supported by cardiopulmonary Bringing O2 to muscles 36 ATP ATP consumed within 60 seconds of formation 2
Immediate Energy Needs ADP ADP Fatigue AMP Creatine phosphate P i Myokinase P i ATP ADP Causes of muscle fatigue ATP synthesis declines as glycogen is consumed ATP shortage slows down the Na + - K + pumps lactic acid lowers ph of sarcoplasm inhibits enymes involved in contraction, Inhibits enymes used in ATP synthesis release of K + with each action potential causes the accumulation of extracellular K + hyperpolaries the cell and makes the muscle fiber less excitable motor nerve fibers use up their Achetelcholine CNS fatigues??????? less signal output to skeletal muscles Figure 11.19 Creatine Creatine kinase ATP 11-13 11-14 Endurance endurance ability to maintain high-intensity exercise for > 4 to 5 minutes determined in large part by one s maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) maximum oxygen uptake point at which rate of oxygen consumption reaches a plateau and does not increase further with added workload Oxygen Debt When exercise stops, rate of oxygen uptake does not immediately return to pre-exercise levels Because oxygen debt accumulated during exercise: When oxygen is withdrawn from hemoglobin and myoglobin And because of O 2 needed for metabolism of lactic acid produced by anaerobic respiration - Turn it back to pyruvic acid then to glycogen 11-15 12-49 Physiological Classes of Muscle Fibers slow oxidative (SO), slow-twitch, red, or type I fibers Lots of mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries - deep red color adapted for aerobic respiration - - slow to fatigue long lasting twitch (~100 msec) fast glycolytic (FG), fast-twitch, white, or type II fibers few mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries - pale appearance adapted for quick responses - - fast to fatigue (lactic acid) rich in enymes of phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid systems generate lactic acid causing fatigue fast twitches (~ 7.5 msec) FG and SO Muscle Fibers Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FG SO ratio of different fiber types have genetic predisposition 11-17 Figure 11.20 11-18 3
Strength and Conditioning muscles can generate more tension than bones and tendons can withstand muscular strength depends on: primarily on muscle sie fascicle arrangement pennate are stronger than parallel, and parallel stronger than circular sie of motor units multiple motor unit summation recruitment of many motor units temporal summation nerve impulses usually arrive at a muscle in a series of closely spaced action potentials length tension relationship (resting muscle at optimal length) Strength and Conditioning resistance training (weight lifting) contraction of a muscles against a load that resist movement Couple times a week Hypertrophy more myofilaments and myofibrils synthesied endurance training (aerobic exercise) improves fatigue resistant muscles slow twitch fibers produce more mitochondria, glycogen, and acquire a greater density of blood capillaries improves skeletal strength increases red blood cell count and oxygen transport capacity of the blood enhances cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems fatigue 11-19 11-20 Location? Function? Cardiac Muscle Required properties of cardiac muscle Autorhythmic cells contraction with regular rhythm muscle cells of each chamber must contract in unison contractions must last long enough to expel blood must be highly resistant to fatigue Cardiac Muscle characteristics of cardiac muscle cells: striated but myocytes (cardiocytes) shorter and thicker than skelatal intercalated discs electrical gap junctions allow each cell to directly stimulate its neighbors mechanical junctions that keep the cells from pulling apart Ca+ induced Ca+ release from Sarcoplasmic reticulum Damaged cardiac muscle cells repair by fibrosis a little mitosis observed following heart attacks not in significant amounts to regenerate functional muscle 11-21 11-22 autorhythmic cells!!!! Cardiac Muscle autonomic nervous system can influence it slow twitches!! maintains tension for about 200 to 250 msec uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively rich in myoglobin and glycogen has especially large mitochondria highly fatigue resistant Smooth Muscle myocytes have a fusiform shape & one nucleus no visible striations Actin and myosin do not overlap discs absent No troponin Cytoplasm has: - dense bodies = Like disks protein plaques on the inner face of the plasma cytoskeleton of intermediate filaments: attach to the membrane plaques and dense bodies Plaque Intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton Actin filaments Dense body Myosin 11-23 Ca 2+ needed for muscle contraction comes from ECF ANS controlled capable of mitosis (hyperplasia) 11-24 4
2 Types of Smooth Muscle multiunit smooth muscle occurs in some of the largest arteries and pulmonary air passages, in piloerector muscles of hair follicle, and in the iris of the eye Single neuron stimulates many myocytes i.e., like a motor unit Autonomic nerve fibers Synapses 2 Types of Smooth Muscle single-unit smooth muscle (visceral muscle) myocytes are electrically coupled to each other by gap junctions stimulate each other and a large number of cells contract as a single unit i.e., each cell does NOT have to be stimulated directly by a motor neuron Autonomic nerve fibers Varicosities Gap junctions (a) Multiunit smooth muscle (b) Single-unit smooth muscle 11-25 11-26 Figure 11.21a Figure 11.21b Layers of Visceral Smooth Muscle Stimulation of Smooth Muscle Involuntary and can contract without nervous stimulation!! chemical stimuli: hormones, carbon dioxide, low ph, and oxygen deficiency in response to stretch Cold stimulus (aeola and scrotum) Stretching - peristalsis most innervated by ANS nerve fibers can trigger and modify contractions Neurotransmitters: acetylcholine or norepinephrine Mucosa: Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Muscularis externa: Circular layer Longitudinal layer Figure 11.22 11-27 11-28 Stimulation of Smooth Muscle Autonomic nerve fiber Varicosities Mitochondrion Synaptic vesicle Contraction and Relaxation contraction is triggered by Ca +2, ATP, and sliding thin past thick myofilaments contraction begins in response to Ca +2 that enters the cell from ECF voltage, ligand, and mechanically-gated (stretching) Ca +2 channels open (Ca +2 enters cell) Ca+ binds to calmodulin activates myosin light-chain kinase adds phosphate to myosin head This activates myosin ATPase - hydrolying ATP allowing myosin head to move Actin thick filaments pull on thin ones, this pulls on dense bodies and membrane plaques Single-unit smooth muscle Figure 11.23 11-29 11-30 5
Component of myosin enyme Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. 12-81 Stretching Smooth Muscle Plaque Intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton stretch can open mechanically-gated calcium channels in the sarcolemma causing contraction peristalsis waves of contraction brought about by food distending the esophagus or feces distending the colon propels contents along the organ Actin filaments Dense body Myosin (b) Contracted smooth muscle cells stress-relaxation response (receptive relaxation) -helps hollow organs gradually fill (urinary bladder) when stretched, tissue briefly contracts then relaxes helps prevent emptying while filling Figure 11.24 (a) Relaxed smooth muscle cells 11-33 11-34 Contraction and Stretching smooth muscle contracts forcefully even when greatly stretched Remember what happens when Skeletal muscle is stretched? plasticity the ability to adjust its tension to the degree of stretch a hollow organ such as the bladder can be greatly stretched yet not become flabby when it is empty 11-35 6