Chapter 12: Motivating Students

Chapter 12: Motivating Students

Chapter 12 Objectives After completing chapter 12, students should be able to do the following: 1. Describe the concept of motivation from the cognitive, stimulation, and reinforcement points of view, as well as explain the interrelationship between the three viewpoints. 2. Identify examples of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. 3. Discuss student attitudes and needs and their motivational effect on learning. 4. Explain the possible effects of stimulus variation on learning as well as techniques for varying the stimuli in the teaching-learning environment. 5. Define reinforcement and describe the different types of classroom reinforcement.

Chapter 12 Objectives Continued 6. Differentiate between the concepts of positive and negative reinforcement. 7. Identify and discuss three techniques that can be used in providing feedback to students. 8. Describe the characteristics of reward-mechanism systems and explain the advantages associated with their use. 9. Describe common ways of identifying viable reinforcers for use with students. 10. Describe contingency contracts and their appropriate classroom use.

Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation Motivation: Behavior that is Energized, Directed and Sustained. Two Types of Motivation: 1. Intrinsic: Cognitive Approach to Motivation. 2. Extrinsic: Reinforcement Approach to Motivation.

Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation Continued Intrinsic/ Cognitive 1. Internal 2. Learner Brings to the Situation 3. Essential 1 External 2. Environmental Factors 3. Artificial Extrinsic/ Reinforcement Motivation Behavior

Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation Continued Current Research Favors Establishing a Classroom Climate that Fosters an Intrinsic Motivation/ Desire to Learn. Stimulation Approach to Motivation Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motives are Interrelated and will Interact. Extrinsic/Environment Factors can be Used in Influencing Intrinsic/Internal Factors. How Cognitive and Reinforcement Motivation Relate to Other Motivation Approaches Cognitive Approach to Motivation is Similar to Intrinsic Motivation because it is Concerned with Students Internal Thoughts and Beliefs and their Interaction with Motivation. Reinforcement Approach to Motivation is Similar to Extrinsic Motivation Because It Relies on External Conditions.

Motivational Interactions

The Cognitive Approach to Motivation Overview: Internal Perspective on Motivation. Self-Motivated/Self-Directed. Thoughts Guide Behavior. Beliefs of Achievement and Success Drive the Behavior. Stresses Goal Setting, Planning, and Monitoring Progress toward a Goal. Can Control the Environment.

Cognitive Approach to Motivation Continued The Next Several Slides Will Deal with the Following Elements of the Cognitive Approach to Motivation: Students Attitude Toward Learning and Its Impact on Motivation. Student Needs Using Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs and Its Impact on Motivation. Natural Motives of Students and Its Impact on Motivation.

The Cognitive Approach to Motivation Continued Students Attitude: Predetermined Attitudes/Mind Sets Toward School/Life are Based on Prior Experiences. Teacher s s Job Change Negative Attitudes Toward School: Entice Students w/innovative Instructional Practices. Demonstrating School is Worthwhile Utilize Guest Speakers w/high Status to Speak to Students. Content Must be Relevant and Connect to Students Interests. Involve Students in their Own Learning and Stimulate their Interests. Provide for Choice and Input. Teach w/passion and Enthusiasm.

Maslow s Needs Hierarchy Student Cognitive Needs and Motivation 1. Survival Low High 2. Safety 3. Belonging 4. Self-Esteem 5. Intellectual Achievement 6. Aesthetic Application 7. Self-Actualization Deficiency Needs Being Needs

Maslow s Needs Hierarchy and Motivation in the Classroom 1. Students Desire to Fulfill Lower-Level Needs Might Interfere w/achievement in Academic Subjects. The Maslow School Students Might Break Rules to Maintain Self-Esteem within a Group. 2. Teachers Should Create an Environment that is Nurturing and Safe so that Students Feel Secure to Share Opinions and Ideals. 3. Students Should Feel that their Teachers Care for them and have High Expectations this will Motivate them Achieve and Take Risks. 4. Differentiate Instruction so that All Children Experience Success.

Natural Motives and the Cognitive Approach to Motivation Teachers Should Harness/Utilize the Following Student Natural Motives to Increase Motivation: Curiosity. Stimulated by Suspense. Desire for Action, Adventure, and Interesting Experiences. Games, Puzzles, and Simulations. Select Activities Enable Students to Pursue Individual Interests and Desires. Provide Incentives: Honor Roll, Student of Week/Month, Mention the Accomplishments and Extra Time for Special Activity Computer Time.

The Stimulation Approach to Motivation The Next Several Slides Will Deal with the Following Elements of the Stimulation Approach to Motivation: Classroom Atmosphere. Modeling. Stimulating Interest. Stimulus Variation. Set Induction. Motivational Methods/Techniques.

The Stimulation Approach to Motivation Continued 1. Classroom Atmosphere Affects Motivation: Attractive and Colorfully Decorated Classroom Compelling Bulletin Boards and Displays. Provide Students w/the Opportunity to Help Decorate the Room Perhaps their Own Bulletin Board. Seating Arrangement can Help Create Group Cohesiveness and Belonging. Allow Students Occasionally to Rearrange their Own Seating.

The Stimulation Approach to Motivation Continued 2. Modeling Affects Motivation: Individuals with Status People who Children Admire Demonstrate with Actions the Values and Behaviors that Are Needed to Succeed. Subtle Suggestions through Nonverbal Body Language are Effective. Role Play Parts of the Lives of Admired People in the Classroom this Might Help Students Develop Related Interests. Utilize Respected Students as Role Models. Enthusiastic, Passionate Teachers can Affect both Achievement and Motivation.

The Stimulation Approach to Motivation Continued 3. Stimulating Interest Affects Motivation: Environment Rich in Stimuli. Active Engagement in Learning. Enthusiastic and Passionate Teacher. Utilize Stimulus Variation: Gestures. Focusing Strategies. Varied Interaction Styles. Shifts in Sensory Channels. Movement.

The Stimulation Approach to Motivation Continued How Stimulus Variation Can Increase Motivation How Stimulus Variation Can Increase Motivation 1. Gestures 2. Focusing 3. Interacting Styles Capture and Focus Attention. Tap on Desk. Shift in Body Position. Nod of the Head. Directs Students Attention to the Lesson Using a Verbal Statement. Gesture and Verbal Statements Together are Effective for Focusing Attention. Teacher-Group/Whole Class. Teacher-Student. Student-Student. Student-Group.

The Stimulation Approach to Motivation Continued How Stimulus Variation Can Increase Motivation How Stimulus Variation Can Increase Motivation 4. Shifting Sensory Channels Oral. Touching. Tasting. Smelling. Hearing. 5. Movement Move Left/to the Right in the Classroom. Move to the Back/to the Front in the Classroom. Move among the Students.

The Stimulation Approach to Motivation Continued 4. Set Induction Affects Motivation: Establish a Cognitive Set. Get the Attention of Students at the Outset of the Lesson. Techniques for Establishing Cognitive Set it s an Art: Silence. Interesting Topic. Gestures. Teacher Movement. Suspense. Models. Pictures. Simple Story Related to Topic.

The Stimulation Approach to Motivation Continued 5. Motivational Methods/Techniques for Teachers 1. Involve. 7. Caring Teachers. 2. Vary Teaching Methods. 8. Set Realistic Expectations. 3. Utilize Self-Directed Learning. 9. Establish Early Opportunities for Success. 4. Input from Students. 10. Accountability for Students. 5. Pose Questions, Problem Solving and Utilize Writing/Designing/Crafting. 11. Focus on Improvement and Effort. 6. Pause and Humor. 12. Equal Treatment for Students and Set Realistic High Expectations.

The Reinforcement Approach to Motivation Reinforcement Rewarding of Desired Actions a Payoff. Actions that Induce Pleasure will be Repeated. Positive Reinforcement Something of Value is Presented because of a Student Action Aversive Stimulus Removed w/ Student in Control Negative Reinforcement Influence Behavior

The Reinforcement Approach to Motivation Continued The Next Several Slides Will Deal with the Following Elements of the Reinforcement. Approach to Motivation: Reinforcement Techniques. Vicarious Motivation. Stimulating Interest. Set Induction. Motivational Methods/Techniques.

The Reinforcement Approach to Motivation Continued 1. Reinforcement Techniques: Teacher Approval Verbal/Nonverbal. Observation of Others Vicarious Reinforcement. Knowledge of Results Immediate Feedback after a Test/Project. Reward Mechanisms Tokens, Stars, Points/Stars Genuine Praise. Differentially Reinforce Acceptable Parts of a Student Action/Attempt.

The Reinforcement Approach to Motivation Continued 2. Vicarious Motivation: Seeing Other Students Being Reinforced for their Action Can Motivate Others. First Student Serves as a Model for the Desired Behaviors. Premack Principle Something Desirable is Made Contingent on Doing Something Less Desirable. As soon as you finish your work, you may go outside. Punishers/Consequences Weaken Behavior. Presentation Punishment use of Unpleasant Consequences/Aversive Stimuli Demerits, Extra Work. Removal Punishment withdrawal of Pleasant Stimulus after a Behavior Take Away Privileges, Time-Out.

The Reinforcement Approach to Motivation Continued 3. Feedback as Motivator: Techniques for Feedback are: Praise Genuine and Affect Students Self-Esteem. Disclosure of Results Motivates Some Students because it Communicates the Correctness of Responses. Tests/Grades Motivates Only Top Students therefore Not Wise to Use Grades as a Primary Source of Motivation.

The Reinforcement Approach to Motivation Continued 4. Reward Mechanisms: Agreement That Stipulates that Students Can Earn Rewards for Displaying Certain Types of Behavior. Examples: Tokens, Points, Stars/Checks. Accumulated Rewards Can Yield More Desirable Awards No Homework, More Computer Time. Students Are Not Overlooked from Receiving Rewards. Survey Students to Identify the Items that Could be Used as Reinforcers.

The Reinforcement Approach to Motivation Continued 5. Contingency Contracts: Formal, Written Agreement Between a Teacher and Student. Specifies Exactly what Student Must Do to Earn a Privilege/Reward. Effective when Written by Teacher and Student in a Negotiating Process. Use Realistic Expectations. Contracts can be Changed But a Built-in Penalty Should be Used.

Sample Contract

Reinforcement Approach to Motivation

Reflection Based on on your reading of of this Chapter, if if you were this Teacher, how would you respond to to this Student?