LH14 UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SPORT AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE PATHWAY SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2016/2017 INTRODUCTION TO SPORT AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY MODULE NO: SPS4002 Date: Thursday 18 May 2017 Time: 2.00 pm 4.00 pm INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: There are 64 questions on this paper. There are 60 questions in section A and 4 questions in section B. Answer all question in section A and 2 questions from section B. Write your answers in the answer book provided NOT on the question paper. The examination paper carries a total of 100 marks Electronic calculators may be used provided that data and programme storage memory is cleared prior to the examination.
Page 2 of 13 Section A: Answer all questions in this section. 1. The rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis is a. lactate dehydrogenase b. pyruvate kinase c. cytochrome oxidase d. phosphofructokinase 2. The first bioenergetic pathway to become active at the onset of exercise is a. glycolysis b. the ATP PC system c. the Krebs cycle d. the electron transport chain 3. A respiratory quotient (RQ) of 0.85 during steady state exercise is suggestive of a. a high rate of carbohydrate metabolism. b. a high rate of fat metabolism. c. an equal rate of fat and carbohydrate metabolism. d. a high rate of protein metabolism. 4. The precision with which a biological control system maintains homeostasis is termed a. positive feedback b. negative feedback c. set point d. gain 5. The lactate threshold is defined as the work rate or oxygen uptake where a. there is a systematic rise in blood levels of lactic acid. b. there is a systematic rise in aerobic metabolism. c. there is a systematic decrease in blood lactic acid concentration. d. all of the above are correct.
Page 3 of 13 6. During 60 minutes of submaximal exercise, the body temperature reaches a plateau after 35 45 minutes. This is an example of a. homeostasis b. effector center c. steady state d. changing internal environment 7. Calcium ions, responsible for turning on muscle contraction, are stored in the a. sarcolemma b. T tubules c. cross bridges d. sarcoplasmic reticulum 8. The complete oxidation of liver glycogen yields a. 36 ATP b. 37 ATP c. 38 ATP d. 39 ATP 9. The thick filaments of a myofibril are composed mainly of a. sarcoplasm b. tropomyosin c. actin d. myosin 10. The speed of chemical reactions that occur within the body are regulated by a. exergonic reactions b. endergonic reactions c. entropy d. enzymes
Page 4 of 13 11. The direct ATP yield for each Krebs cycle is a. 1 ATP b. 3 ATP c. 11 ATP d. 22 ATP 12. The active binding sites to which myosin cross-bridges attach during muscle contraction are found a. on the myosin filaments b. on the actin filaments c. on the Z discs d. on the thick filaments 13. Which of the following is also referred to as voluntary muscle? a. skeletal muscle b. smooth muscle c. visceral muscle d. cardiac muscle 14. Most homeostatic control systems operate via the principle of a. steady state b. negative feedback c. positive feedback d. thermodynamics 15. Phosphorylation refers to a. the removal of a phosphate group b. the breakdown of ATP c. the addition of a phosphate group d. the release of energy
Page 5 of 13 16. Aerobic production of ATP occurs in a. the mitochondria in a process called glycolysis. b. the mitochondria in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. c. the mitochondria in a process called beta oxidation. d. the cytoplasm. 17. On a Monark cycle ergometer a pedalling cadence of 50 revolutions per minute against a resistance of 2kg would result in a work rate of a. 60 watts b. 90 watts c. 120 watts d. none of the above 18. The A band of a sarcomere contains a. actin and myosin filaments b. actin filaments only c. myosin filaments only d. neither actin nor myosin 19. Approximately how much energy does one gram of fat contain? a. 4 kcal b. 18 kcal c. 12 kcal d. 9 kcal 20. Pairs of electrons carried by FADH contain enough energy to rephosphorylate a. 2 ADP to form 2 ATP. b. 3 ADP to form 3 ATP. c. 4 ADP to form 4 ATP. d. None of the above is correct.
Page 6 of 13 21. The thin filament of a sarcomere is comprised of a. myosin, actin and troponin b. myosin, troponin and tropomyosin c. actin, troponin and tropomyosin d. troponin only 22. A single motor nerve and all of the muscle fibres that it innervates is referred to as a a. synapse b. neuromuscular system c. motor impulse d. motor unit 23. Which muscle fibre type is most predominant in the non-trained population? a. Type I. b. Type IIa. c. Type IIx. d. Type IIc. 24. The filaments in the myofibril are known as a. Peptin and Titin. b. Actin and Myosin. c. Actin and Peptin. d. Titin and Myosin 25. Acetylecholine (Ach) is a. one of the major waste products generated by muscle contraction b. the neurotransmitter that is released from motor nerves c. the chemical energy source for muscle contraction d. the enzyme that catalyses the splitting of ATP in a muscle fibre
Page 7 of 13 26. The complete oxidation of one molecule of fat yields approximately a. 127 ATP b. 22 ATP c. 460 ATP d. 300 ATP 27. Endogonic reactions refer to a. the storing of energy b. the control of bioenergetics c. the removal of oxygen d. the release of energy 28. The physiological factors that influence maximum oxygen uptake are a. the delivery of oxygen to the muscle b. the uptake of oxygen by the muscle c. genetics and exercise training d. all of the above 29. The net production of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis is a. 2 ATP if glucose is the substrate and 4 ATP if glycogen is the substrate. b. 2 ATP if glucose is the substrate and 3 ATP if glycogen is the substrate. c. 3 ATP if glucose is the substrate and 4 ATP if glycogen is the substrate. d. 3 ATP if glucose is the substrate and 3 ATP if glycogen is the substrate. 30. Stored polysaccharide in muscle and other tissues in animals is called a. glucose b. fructose c. glycogen d. cellulose
Page 8 of 13 31. Fats that are stored in muscle and other tissues and play an important role as an energy substrate are a. phospholipids. b. cholesterol. c. triglycerides. d. lipoproteins. 32. In general the higher the intensity of the activity, the greater the contribution of a. aerobic energy production. b. anaerobic energy production. c. the Krebs cycle to the production of ATP. d. the electron transport chain to the production of ATP. 33. Which muscle fibres are best suited for glycolytic energy production? a. Type I. b. Type IIa. c. Type IIx. d. Type IIc. 34. On a Monark cycle ergometer a work rate of 150 watts may be achieved by a. a pedalling cadence of 50 revolutions per minute against a resistance of 3 kg b. a pedalling cadence of 65 revolutions per minute against a resistance of 2.5 kg c. a pedalling cadence of 70 revolutions per minute against a resistance of 2 kg d. all of the above 35. Muscle contraction is dependant on a. the interaction of calcium ions with troponin b. the interaction of ATP with myosin c. the formation of cross bridges d. all of the above.
Page 9 of 13 36. Resting metabolic rate accounts for around how much of daily energy expenditure? a. 10% b. 20% c. 50% d. 70% 37. As exercise intensity increases there is a shift in metabolism of fuel from a. fat to carbohydrate b. carbohydrate to fat c. glucose to glycogen d. protein to amino acids 38. Direct calorimetry measures a. metabolic rate through oxygen consumption b. metabolic rate through heat production c. oxygen consumption with open circuit spirometry d. oxygen consumption with closed circuit spirometry 39. During high intensity exercise the predominant fuel source would be a. muscle triglycerides b. plasma glucose c. muscle glycogen d. plasma FFAs 40. Slow-twitch muscle fibres are also sometimes referred to as a. type I fibres b. type IIa fibres c. type IIx fibres d. type III fibres
Page 10 of 13 41. The rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle is a. hexokinase b. acetyl CoA c. isocitrate dehydrogenase d. creatine kinase 42. Reduction reactions refer to a. the loss of hydrogen ions b. the addition of oxygen c. the gain of hydrogen ions d. the loss of oxygen 43. When a muscle fibre is stimulated by a motor nerve, the muscle fibre will either contract maximally or it will not contract at all. This is referred to as a. the sliding filament theory of contraction b. the all-or-none response of muscle c. muscle fibre recruitment d. muscle fatigue 44. The breakdown of stored glycogen to release glucose into the blood is termed a. beta oxidation b. glycogenolysis c. gluconeogenesis d. lipolysis 45. An eccentric muscle contraction is one in which a. the muscle lengthens as contractile force is generated b. the muscle shortens as contractile force is generated c. the muscle stays the same length as contractile force is generated d. the muscle shortens but no contractile force is generated
Page 11 of 13 46. The food sources from which we derive most of our energy are composed mainly of a. carbon, calcium and nitrogen b. carbon, hydrogen and oxygen c. calcium, hydrogen and nitrogen d. carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen 47. The use of lactate as a fuel source is called a. the Cori cycle b. beta oxidation c. phosphorylation d. the electron transport chain 48. Intracellular stores of ATP and PCr are sufficient to support maximum muscular effort for approximately a. 1 to 4 seconds b. 3 to 15 seconds c. 30 seconds to 2 minutes d. More than 10 minutes 49. Before fat can be metabolised by the muscle cells, it must first be broken down into a. free fatty acids and glycogen b. free fatty acids and glycerol c. triglycerides and glucose d. amino acids and glycerol 50. In the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid the pyruvic acid is a. phosphorylated b. oxidised c. reduced d. none of the above
Page 12 of 13 51 to 60. Label the diagram. (10 marks)
Page 13 of 13 Section B: Answer 2 questions from this section. 1. Outline the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. (20 marks) 2. Outline the mechanisms to explain the lactate threshold and how lactate threshold can be used (20 marks) 3. a) What is the term most correctly used to describe the elevated oxygen consumption which continues for some time following a period of steady rate exercise? (5 marks) b) What are the main factors which contribute to this elevated oxygen consumption? (15 marks) 4. a) Using the following data calculate the non-protein Respiratory Quotient (RQ) showing your calculations. Assume inspired volume and expired volume to be equal. Expired volume (collected for 1 minute) 44 L (STPD) Fraction O 2 in expired air 18.18% Fraction CO 2 in expired air 2.56% Fraction O 2 in inspired air 20.93% Fraction CO 2 in inspired air 0.03% (15 marks) b) What does this RQ indicate in terms of fuel substrate utilisation? (5 marks) END OF QUESTIONS