Chapter 25 Notes Lesson 1 The Risk of STIs 1) What is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)? Referred to as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) infectious diseases spread from person to person through sexual contact STDs: The Hidden Epidemic 2) What are epidemics? Occurences of diseases in which many people in the same place at the same time are affected 3) How many people in the United States are living with an incurable STD? 65 million people 4) Why has the spread of STDs been called a hidden epidemic? Many cases go undiagnosed and untreated Many people with STDs are asymptomatic - without symptoms They do not seek treatment because they do not know they are infected Some people are too embarrassed to seek treatment Some cases are not reported to the health department People are not notified they are infected People unknowingly transmit the disease to others High-Risk Behavior and STDs 5) What is the high-risk of teens? 10,000 young people are infected every day 25% of all new cases are teens out of 15 million per year 6) Why are teens at such a high-risk? Being sexually active with more than one person Engaging in unprotected sex Selecting high-risk partners Using alcohol and other drugs The Consequences of STDs 7) What are the consequences of STDs? Some are incurable (Genital herpes, AIDS) Some cause cancer hepatitis B can cause cancer of the liver human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cancer of the cervix
(These STDs also cannot be cured) Some can cause complications that affect the ability to reproduce pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) damages reproductive organs can cause sterility Some can be passed from mother to baby before, during, and after birth STDs can damage bones, nervous system, and brain of fetus Can cause premature birth Infants can be infected with STDs Some become blind Some develop pnemonia Some die 8) What is infertility? The inability to conceive a child The Importance and Benefits of Abstinence 9) What is abstinence? The deliberate decision to avoid harmful behaviors, including sexual activity before marriage, and the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs 10) What is the only method that is 100% effective in preventing STDs and HIV? Abstinence Chapter 25 Notes Lesson 2 Estimated Incidence and Prevalence of STDs in The United States 11) STD Incidence Prevalence (Type) (New cases every year) (People currently infected) HPV 5.5 Million 20 Million Chlamydia 3 Million 2 Million Genital Herpes 1 Million 45 Million Gonorrhea 650,000 Not Available Trichomoniasis 5 Million Not Available Syphilis 70,000 Not Available Hepatitis B 120,000 417,000 12) STDs account for what percentage of the most common communicable diseases in the U.S. 85% 13) What is the most important fact to remember about STDs? The primary means of transmission of STDs is sexual activity Human Papillomavirus
14) What is human papillomavirus (HPV)? A virus that can cause genital warts or asymptomatic infection HPV is considered the most common STD in the United States 50% - 75% of males and females aquire the HPV infection at some time during their lives Most HPV infections are asymptomatic Can be detected by a Pap Test There is no treatment Most infections are temporary and are cleared by the immune system Genital Warts 15) What are genital warts? Pink or reddish warts with cauliflowerlike tops that appear on the genitals, vagina, or cervix Appear 1-3 months after infection from HPV Often disapear without treatment Spread by any form of sexual contact Once infected you have the virus for the rest of your life Treatment can rid the body of warts but not the virus Chlamydia 16) What is chlamydia? A bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and females 40% of cases are reported in teens 15-19 years old Chlamydia is asymptomatic (No visible symptoms) in 50% of males and 75% of females 17) What are the symptoms of chlamydia? Males: Discharge from the penis Burning upon urination Females: Vaginal discharge Burning upon urination Abdominal pain 18) How is chlamydia diagnosed? Examination of secretions from the cervix in females and from the urethra in males 19) How can chlamydia be treated? With antibiotics, but no immunity develops, so a person can be infected again Genital Herpes 20) What are genital herpes? An STD caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV: Type 1 usually causes cold sores
Type 2 usually causes genital sores Both types can infect the mouth and the genitals 20% of the adolescent population is infected with the virus It is twice as common in adults from 20-29 year old today as it was 20 years ago Most people are asymptomatic 21) What are the symptoms of genital herpes? Blisterlike sores in the genital area that occur periodically The virus can spread with or without symptoms being present 22) How are genital herpes diagnosed? Laboratory tests on the fluid from the blisters 23) How can genital herpes be treated? Medication can relieve symptoms Once infected, the virus stays in the body for life 24) How do genital herpes affect people? Can be fatal for infants upon delivery People are more capable of transmitting or aquiring HIV Gonorrhea 25) What is gonorrhea? A bacterial STD that usually affects mucous membranes The highest rates of gonorrhea infection are found in females from 15-19 and males 20-24 26) What are the symptoms of gonorrhea? Males have a discharge of the penis and painful urination Approximately 50% of females have no symptoms Females that do have a vaginal discharge and pain or burning upon urination 27) How is gonorrhea diagnosed? In males: staining and examining the discharge under a microscope In females: swabbing the cervix and growing the organisms in a laboratory 28) How is gonorrhea treated? Antibiotics Gonorrhea is becoming increasingly resistant 29) How does gonorrhea affect people? A person can be reinfected if exposed again to the bacteria If untreated, can lead to infirtility in males and females Can spread to bloodstream and cause permanent damage to joints Females can pass the infection to babies during childbirth Infants can contract eye infections that cause blindness
Trichomoniasis 30) What is trichomoniasis? An STD caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of the vagina, urethra, and bladder 31) What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis? Females have no syptoms, but may result in vaginitis Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina with discharge, odor, irritation,and itching Males usually do not show symptoms When syptoms occur they are mild urethral itching or discharge and burning after urination 32) How is trichomoniasis diagnosed? In women a microscopic examination of the discharge is taken from a Pap test Males are diagnosed when their partner is infected Syphilis 33) What is syphilis? An STD that attacks many parts of the body and is caused by a small bacterium called spirochete The first sign is a reddish sore called a chancre at the site of infection The sore will heal on its own If not treated, will spread through the blood to other parts of the body The disease can damage internal organs Causes paralysis, convulsions, blindness, and heart disease Can be transmitted from pregnant female to fetus Infected infants may have a damaged nervous system and can die Other Common STDs PG 656 Disease Symptoms Treatment What could happen Chancroid Sores or bumps on the Antibiotics Infection of lymph glands in groin genitals area, sores Bacterial Vaginal discharge, odor, Antibiotics Can lead to PID and premature vaginosis pain, itching, or burning birth; Risk of HIV and STDs during urination Hepatitis B 90% are asymptomatic Antiviral drugs in Chronic infection, cirrhosis of the Nausea, vomiting, jaundice, some cases, but liver, cancer of the liver loss of appetite no cure Hepatitis C Often asymptomatic Antiviral drugs, Liver damage, liver disease but no cure
Pubic lice Itching, presence of Medicated soaps, No lasting effects lice and eggs in pubic hair Washing all bedding, towels, and clothes Seeking Treatment 34) Why is it the responsibility of any person infected with an STD to notify everyone with whom he or she has had sexual contact? It could save a person's life Chapter 25 Notes Lesson 3 HIV and AIDS 35) What is AIDS? Aquired immune deficiency syndrome A disease in which the immune system of the patient is weakened 36) What is HIV? Human immunodeficiency virus A virus that attacks the immune system 37) What are some facts about HIV and AIDS? In July 1981 an outbreak of a rare form of skin cancer known as Kaposi's sarcoma was reported Doctors began seeing unusual infections among otherwise healthy individuals About a year later, the CDC labeled the disease AIDS That year 1600 cases were reported Almost 700 deaths resulted In 1983 HIV was confirmed as the cause In 2000, AIDS was the 5th leading cause of death among adults from 25-44 years old Teens at Risk 38) How are teens at risk? New cases of HIV have fallen slightly since 1985 New drug therapies help AIDS patients live longer Teens have a false sense that AIDS is no longer a problem There is no decline in people between 13-24 years old Teens have one of the highest rates of infection Many adults who are dying from AIDS were infected as teens HIV and the Human Body
39) How does HIV attack cells? HIV attaches to cell surface Virus core enters cell and goes to nucleus Virus makes a copy of its genetic material New virus assembles at cell surface New virus breaks away from host cell 40) What are lymphocytes? White blood cells that help your body fight pathogens Your body contains billions of lymphocytes Produced in bone marrow Found in the blood, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils, and adenoids 41) What happens when HIV enters the blood? It invades certain cells of the immune system including T cells T cells help other lymphocytes identify and destroy pathogens The virus takes over cells, and cause them to produce new copies of themselves The newly produced viruses break out of the cells, destroying them The new viruses infect other cells, and the process repeats itself (#39) 42) What happens when the number of viruses increase? The number of T cells decrease The immune system becomes less capable of preventing infections and cancer The body becomes susceptible to common infections and to opportunistic infections AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV infection 43) How is HIV a progressive infection? It destroys the cells of the immune system over many months or years How HIV Is Transmitted 44) What are human body fluids that are known to transmit HIV from an infected person to an uninfected person? Blood Semen Vaginal secretions Breast milk 45) What are high-risk behaviors or situations that increase the risk of HIV infection? Sexual intercourse Sharing needles Mother to baby Chapter 25 Notes Lesson 4
Stages of HIV infection 46) What happens about three to six weeks after becoming infected with HIV? Develop symptoms Symptoms may include fever, rash, headache, body aches, and swollen glands These symptoms disappear within a month After the flulike symptoms, the person enters the asymptomatic stage 47) What is the asymptomatic stage? A period of time during which a person infected with HIV has no symptoms A person may show no signs of illness for 6 months to 10 years 48) What happens to the immune system during the asymptomatic stage of HIV infection? The immune system keeps pace with HIV infection by producing billions of new cells Symptomatic HIV Infection 49) What is the symptomatic stage? The stage in which a person infected with HIV has symptoms as a result of a severe drop in immune cells Symptoms may include swollen glands, weight loss, and yeast infections AIDS 50) What is the official definition of AIDS? The presence of HIV infection, a severely damaged immune system measured by numbers of helper T cells, and the appearance of one or more opportunistic infections or illnesses 51) What are two common opportunistic illnesses associated with AIDS? Kaposi's sarcoma (Skin Cancer) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (Rare form of pneumonia) 52) How are brain cells affected during the latter stages of HIV infection? The brain cells are attacked, causing difficulty in thinking and remembering Detecting HIV 53) What is an EIA or ELISA? A test that screens for the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood 54) Is the EIA always accurate? No Developing antibodies take time - weeks to months Will give a false negative Most people take between 1 to 6 months to test positive
Certain health conditions - hemophilia, hepatitis, and pregnancy Will give a false positive 55) What is the western blot test or (WB)? The most common confirmation test for HIV in the United States If the EIA tests positive, it is repeated to make sure the results are accurate Then the western blot test is given History of HIV/AIDS 56) PG 664 1984-7000 cases of AIDS 1990-1 million cases of AIDS 2002-40 million cases of AIDS (5 million in 2002 alone)