PMS2 gene Associated Syndrome Name: Lynch syndrome/hereditary NonPolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) PMS2 Summary Cancer Risk Table CANCER Colorectal GENETIC CANCER RISK High Risk Endometrial High Risk Pancreatic Gastric Ovarian Prostate Other High Risk PMS2 gene Overview Lynch syndrome 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,, 9 Individuals with mutations in PMS2 have a condition called Lynch syndrome. This condition is also known as Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC). Men and women with Lynch syndrome due to mutations in PMS2 have a high risk of developing colorectal cancer, often at younger ages than seen in the general population. Colorectal cancer in patients with Lynch syndrome develops from adenomatous polyps which progress to cancer more quickly than polyps in individuals who do not have Lynch syndrome. Women with Lynch syndrome due to mutations in PMS2 have a high risk for developing endometrial cancer and possibly an elevated risk for ovarian cancer, often at younger ages than typical in the general population. Patients with Lynch syndrome due to mutations in PMS2 are also believed to have an increased risk of developing a wide variety of other Lynch syndrome associated cancers, including gastric, small bowel, urinary tract, hepatobiliary tract, brain (usually glioblastoma), sebaceous gland, and pancreatic. Precise risk estimates are not available because there is less information available for patients with PMS2 mutations compared with patients who have mutations in other Lynch syndrome genes. These risks may be more significant in patients with a family history of these cancers. Therefore, the general screening and management recommendations provided below should be modified based on individualized risk assessment and counseling. An increased risk for prostate cancer has been documented in multiple studies of men with Lynch syndrome. Estimates range from an approximately 2 to 5-fold increase in risk, but the exact increase has not yet been established for men with mutations in PMS2. Studies have investigated the possibility that patients with Lynch syndrome have an increased risk for other cancers, including breast cancer and adrenocortical carcinoma. However, the data are not conclusive 1
at this time and there are currently no medical management guidelines related to these cancers. Patients with Lynch syndrome have a high risk for developing second primary cancers following an initial diagnosis of colorectal or endometrial cancer. This includes a high risk for endometrial cancer in women following colorectal cancer and vice versa, a high risk for a second primary colorectal cancer in any portions of the colon or rectum remaining after surgical treatment, and a high risk for other Lynch associated cancers, such as those of the upper gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and other sites. Although there are high risks for cancer in patients with Lynch syndrome, many of these risks can be greatly reduced with appropriate medical management. Guidelines for the medical management of patients with Lynch syndrome have been developed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and other expert groups. These are listed below. It is recommended that patients with a PMS2 mutation and a diagnosis of Lynch syndrome be managed by a multidisciplinary team with expertise in medical genetics and the care of patients with this condition. PMS2 gene Cancer Risk Table CANCER TYPE AGE RANGE 2, 11 Colorectal Endometrial Overall cancer risk (Lynch cancers) Risk for a second Lynchrelated cancer after a first 12, 13 cancer diagnosis Ovarian Gastric Small Bowel Urinary Tract Pancreatic Hepatobiliary Tract Central Nervous System Sebaceous Neoplasms Prostate To age 80 2, 11 1, 2,, 11 1, 2,, 11 1, 2,, 11 1, 2,, 11, 14 1, 2, 3,, 11, 15 1, 2,, 11 1, 2,, 11 1, 2,, 11 6,, 9 CANCER RISK RISK FOR GENERAL 10 POPULATION Up to 20% 1.8% Up to 15% 1.% Increased risk 0.% 0.4% 0.1% 0.% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% <1.0% 10.9% PMS2 Cancer Risk Management Table The overview of medical management options provided is a summary of professional society guidelines as of the last Myriad update shown on this page. The specific reference provided (e.g., NCCN guidelines) should be consulted for more details and up-to-date information before developing a treatment plan for a particular patient. This overview is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute a recommendation. While the medical society guidelines summarized herein provide important and useful information, medical management decisions for any particular patient should be made in consultation between that patient and his or her healthcare 2
provider and may differ from society guidelines based on a complete understanding of the patient's personal medical history, surgeries and other treatments. FREQUENCY CANCER TYPE PROCEDURE AGE TO BEGIN (UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED BY FINDINGS) Colorectal Colonoscopy 20 to 25 years, or 2 to 5 years younger than the earliest diagnosis in family if it is under age 25 Every 1 to 2 years Colorectal surgical evaluation may be appropriate for some patients Annually After completion of childbearing Age 40 or after completion of childbearing Consider transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125 measurement. Consider options for ovarian cancer risk-reduction, 1 agents (i.e. oral contraceptives). Consider the use of aspirin as a risk-reduction agent Endometrial Patient education about endometrial cancer symptoms. Consider pelvic examination, endometrial sampling and transvaginal ultrasound. Consider hysterectomy. Ovarian Consider bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Patient education about ovarian cancer symptoms Gastric Consider testing and treating Helicobacter pylori 8 infection. Consider upper endoscopy, particularly for patients with additional risk factors for gastric cancer, such as family history or Asian ancestry. Consider biopsy of the antrum. Every 2 to 5 years Small Bowel Consider upper endoscopy, particularly for patients with additional risk factors for small bowel cancer, such as family history. Every 3 to 5 years Urinary Tract Consider urinalysis. Annually, 18 3
FREQUENCY CANCER TYPE PROCEDURE AGE TO BEGIN (UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED BY FINDINGS) Pancreatic For patients with a family history of pancreatic cancer, consider available options for pancreatic cancer screening, including the possibility of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and MRI/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). It is recommended that patients who are candidates for pancreatic cancer screening be managed by a multidisciplinary team with experience in the screening for pancreatic cancer, 15 preferably within research protocols. Hepatobiliary Tract Currently there are no specific medical management guidelines for hepatobiliary cancer risk in mutation carriers. Central Nervous System Physical/neurological examination 25 to 30 years Annually Sebaceous Neoplasms Currently there are no specific medical management guidelines for sebaceous neoplasm risk in mutation carriers. Prostate Currently there are no specific medical management guidelines for prostate cancer risk in mutation carriers. However, the possibility of an increased risk for prostate cancer can be incorporated into the risk and benefit discussion about offering screening with digital rectal examination (DRE) and Prostate Specific Antigen 16 (PSA). 45 years, or younger Information for Family Members The following information for Family Members will appear as part of the MMT for a patient found to have a mutation in the PMS2 gene. A major potential benefit of myrisk genetic testing for hereditary cancer risk is the opportunity to prevent cancer in relatives of patients in whom clinically significant mutations are identified. Healthcare providers have an important role in making sure that patients with clinically significant mutations are informed about the risks to relatives, and ways in which genetic testing can guide lifesaving interventions. In rare instances, an individual may inherit mutations in both copies of the PMS2 gene, leading to the condition Constitutional Mismatch Repair-Deficiency syndrome (CMMR-D). Individuals with CMMR-D often have significant complications in childhood, including colorectal polyposis and a high risk for colorectal, small bowel, brain, and hematologic cancers. Individuals with CMMR-D often have café-au-lait spots. The children of this patient are at risk of inheriting CMMR-D only if the other parent is also a carrier of a PMS2 mutation. Screening the spouse/partner of this 1 patient for PMS2 mutations may be appropriate. 4
Parents who are concerned about the possibility of passing on a PMS2 mutation to a future child may want to discuss options for prenatal testing and assisted reproduction techniques, such as pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). References 1. Kohlmann W, Gruber SB. Lynch Syndrome. 2014 May 22. In:Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2014. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk1211/ PMID: 20301390. 2. Senter L, et al. The clinical phenotype of Lynch syndrome due to germline PMS2 mutations. Gastroenterology. 2008 135419-28. PMID: 18602922. 3. Kastrinos F, et al. Risk of pancreatic cancer in families with Lynch syndrome. JAMA. 2009 302:190-5. PMID: 1986161. 4. Lin KM, et al. Colorectal and extracolonic cancer variations in MLH1/MSH2 hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindreds and the general population. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998 41:428-33. PMID: 9559626. 5. Win AK, et al. Risks of colorectal and other cancers after endometrial cancer for women with Lynch syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 105:24-9. PMID: 23385444. 6. Win AK, et al. Risks of primary extracolonic cancers following colorectal cancer in lynch syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 104:1363-2. PMID: 2293331.. Provenzale D, et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal. V 3.201. October 10. Available at http://www.nccn.org. 8. Giardiello FM, et al. Guidelines on Genetic Evaluation and Management of Lynch Syndrome: A Consensus Statement by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 109:1159-9. PMID: 250005. 9. Ryan S, et al. Risk of prostate cancer in Lynch syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 23:43-49. PMID: 24425144. 10. Fast Stats: An interactive tool for access to SEER cancer statistics. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. https://seer.cancer.gov/faststats. (Accessed on 1-2-201) 11. ten Broeke SW, et al. Lynch syndrome caused by germline PMS2 mutations: delineating the cancer risk. J Clin Oncol. 2015 33:319-25. PMID: 25512458. 12. Larsen Haidle J, Howe JR. Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome. 2015 Dec 3. In: Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews [Internet]. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk1469/ PMID: 20301642. 13. Provenzale D, et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology Colorectal Cancer Screening. V 1.201. May 22. Available at http://www.nccn.org. 14. M\u00f8ller P, et al. Cancer risk and survival in path_mmr carriers by gene and gender up to 5 years of age: a report from the Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database. Gut. 201 [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28548. 15. Canto MI, et al. International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) Consortium summit on the management of patients with increased risk for familial pancreatic cancer. Gut. 2013 62:339-4. PMID: 2313563. 5
16. Carroll PR et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology : Prostate Cancer Early Detection. V 1.201. June 5. Available at http://www.nccn.org. 1. Daly M et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology : Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian. V 1.2018. October 3. Available at http://www.nccn.org. 18. Ajani JA, et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology : Gastric Cancer. V 3.201. August 22. Available at http://www.nccn.org. Last Updated on 23-Jan-2018 6