SEX COMPOSITION OF SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH- AN ANALYSIS OF 2011 CENSUS A. Udaya Babu 1, Dr.V.Veerannachari 2 and Dr. K.Krishnaiah 3 1 Research scholar, 2 Project fellow (SAP), 3 Professor Dept. of Geography, V. University, Tirupati, A.P-517502. ABSTRACT Sex composition of the human is denoted as sex ratio of of an area at given point of time. Sex ratio is product of the interplay of many aspects and determines the several aspects of the future. It is one of the crucial indicators of socio-economic and cultural development of a society. Imbalance of sex ratio causes many socio-economic, cultural and demographic implications. The present paper aims at examines the sex composition of Scheduled Tribe in rural and urban areas of Andhra Pradesh and its districts based on 2011 census data and suggestion are made for improving the sex ratios of Scheduled Tribes. Keywords: Sex Ratio, Child Sex Ratio, Mortality, Migration, Sex Ratio at Birth, Rural and Urban Areas Introduction Sex composition of the human is one of the basic demographic characteristics, which is extremely vital for any meaningful demographic analysis. Indian census has the tradition of bringing out disaggregated information by sex on various aspects of including Scheduled Tribes. The first and foremost is the simple count of males and females. But, changes in sex composition largely reflect the underlying socio-economic and cultural patterns of a society in different ways. Sex ratio defined here as the number of females per 1000 males in the, is an important social indicator to measure the extent of prevailing equity between males and females in a society at a given point of time. It is mainly the outcome of the interplay of sex differentials in mortality, sex selective migration, sex ratio at birth and at times the sex differential in enumeration (Jain,1976, Pathak.F. Ram and Sing,1989, Rao and Balakrishna,1990). It is worthwhile to note that child sex ratio (0-6 years) is crucial determinant general sex ratio of any country/ region. Further, uneven distribution of the sexes in the can disturb the basic equilibrium within the society. Thus this www.apjor.com Page 50
specter reflected in the Indian society has raised several questions on the status of the women in general and the girl child in particular. As per the United Nations (1998) sex ratio was recorded for World (986), China (944), India (933), U.A (1029), Indonesia (1004), Brazil (1025), Pakistan (938), Russian Fed. (1140), Bangladesh (953), Japan (1041) and Nigeria (1016). It is interesting to note the trend in sex ratio of the few selected countries of the period 1950-2011 that in U.A., Indonesia, Russian Federation and Japan has always remained above into for the last half a century. The most dramatic decline of about 200 points in the sex ratio is seen in the Russian Federation. In U.A., it has shown as improvement from 1002 to 1029 in the last fifty years. Bangladesh has shown a continuous improvement in its sex ratio to reach from 880 in 1950 to 953 in 2000. Pakistan and China have also shown an Improvement. Thus among the major nations of the world, India is the only exception. This unique feature of sex ratio in India has been highlighted by respective census reports and also studied by some authors ( Sexana,1982, Kanitkar,1992 and Premi,1991). The sex ratio of the Scheduled Tribe in the twentieth century has shown a secular declining trend in India except some marginal increases. Further, the sex ratio is significantly varied in among states and even districts. The sex ratio of India determines by Scheduled population at certain extent of the state of Andhra Pradesh. Hence, this paper study the pattern of sex ratio Scheduled Tribe and child sex ratio of Scheduled in newly formed state of Andhra Pradesh and its districts in rural as well as urban areas. Importance: The basic Scheduled Tribe data on the number of males and females have been extensively used by different researchers, policy makers and demographers. The distribution of male and female in Scheduled society has direct bearing on the social and economic relationships. However, in recent decades, the declining sex ratio in general and also in Scheduled Tribe is ascribed to several causes, which inturn leads to several consequences. In this context, an attempt is made in this paper to examine the sex ratio Scheduled Tribe and child sex ratio of Scheduled based on the 2011 census data. Objectives: The objectives of paper are: 1) To study sex ratio of Scheduled in Andhra Pradesh and its districts separately for total, rural as well as urban areas and 2) To examine the Child Sex Ratio of Scheduled in Andhra Pradesh and its districts for total, rural and urban areas. Methodology: The data for this paper has taken from Census of India, 2011. Sex Ratio as well as Child Sex Ratio is analyzed separately for total, rural and urban areas of Andhra Pradesh and its thirteen districts for Scheduled Tribes. In a given area at a point of time, the number of females equal to males i.e. 1000 females per 1000 males then it termed as sex ratio is at unity. Results and discussion The interdistrict variations in the patterns of the Scheduled Tribe sex ratio along with the Scheduled child sex ratio in the age group 0-6 were presented hereunder. For effective polity, planning and intervention purposes it is imperative to indentify and present this basic data at lower administrative units, In his paper, the sex ratio of the Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Tribe child sex ratio in the age group 0-6 and sex ratio age seven plus of Scheduled Tribe are presented at the district level for all the districts across the state. Table-1 gives data on district wise Total Sex ratio of Scheduled in Andhra Pradesh, 2011 www.apjor.com Page 51
Table-1: wise Total Sex ratio of Scheduled in Andhra Pradesh, 2011 Total male Scheduled Tribe Total female Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Sex ratio 1 Srikakulam 81382 84736 1041 2 Vizianagaram 114687 120869 1054 3 Visakhapatnam 302905 315595 1042 4 East Godavari 104422 108773 1042 5 West Godavari 53367 55705 1044 6 Krishna 66734 65730 985 7 Guntur 125105 121984 975 8 Prakasam 76677 74468 971 9 Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore 145168 140829 970 10 Y.R Kadapa 38571 37315 967 11 Kurnool 42052 40779 970 12 Anantapur 78573 75554 962 13 Chittoor 79756 79409 996 Andhra Pradesh 1309399 1321746 1009 Table-1 shows that in 2011, the total sex ratio of Scheduled of Andhra Pradesh was 1009 and highest total sex ratio of Scheduled was recorded in the district of Vizianagaram (1054) as against lowest in Anantapur (962). But, it can be noted that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, only five districts namely Vizianagaram, West Godavari, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Srikakulam, have total sex ratio of Scheduled was at unity, and also higher than the state average, which is favourable to females. While in rest of the districts, total sex ratio of Scheduled is lower than state average, which is adverse to females. Table-2 gives information on district wise Rural Sex ratio of Scheduled in Andhra Pradesh, 2011 Table-2: wise Rural Sex ratio of Scheduled in Andhra Pradesh, 2011 Rural male Scheduled Tribe Rural female Scheduled Tribe Rural Sex ratio of Scheduled 1 Srikakulam 78438 82000 1045 2 Vizianagaram 110300 115830 1050 3 Visakhapatnam 282244 297724 1055 4 East Godavari 96988 101710 1049 5 West Godavari 48661 50998 1048 6 Krishna 47291 46624 986 7 Guntur 96911 93994 970 8 Prakasam 63386 61000 962 9 Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore 122388 118584 969 10 Y.R Kadapa 29754 28427 955 11 Kurnool 32573 32162 987 12 Anantapur 64563 61799 957 13 Chittoor 64879 63874 985 Andhra Pradesh 1138376 1154726 1014 www.apjor.com Page 52
Table-2 depicts that in 2011, the rural sex ratio of Scheduled of Andhra Pradesh was 1014, and highest rural sex ratio was recorded in the district of Visakhapatnam (1055) as against lowest in Y.R Kadapa (955). But, it can be noted that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, only five districts namely Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and West Godavari have rural sex ratio of Scheduled at unity and also higher than state average, while in rest of the districts, rural sex ratio of Scheduled is lower than state average. Table-3 provides data on district wise Urban Sex ratio of Scheduled in Andhra Pradesh, 2011 Table-3: wise Urban Sex ratio of Scheduled in Andhra Pradesh, 2011 Urban male Urban female Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Tribe Urban Sex ratio of Scheduled 1 Srikakulam 2944 2736 929 2 Vizianagaram 4387 5039 1149 3 Visakhapatnam 20661 17871 865 4 East Godavari 7434 7063 950 5 West Godavari 4706 4707 1000 6 Krishna 19443 19106 983 7 Guntur 28194 27990 993 8 Prakasam 13291 13468 1013 9 Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore 22780 22245 977 10 Y.R Kadapa 8817 8888 1008 11 Kurnool 9479 8617 909 12 Anantapur 14010 13755 982 13 Chittoor 14877 15535 1044 Andhra Pradesh 171023 167020 977 Table-3 revels that in 2011, the urban sex ratio of Scheduled of Andhra Pradesh was 977 and highest urban sex ratio was recorded in the district of Vizianagaram (1149) as against lowest in Visakhapatnam (865). But, it can be noted that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, five districts namely Vizianagaram, West Godavari, Prakasam Y.R. Kadapa and Chittoor, urban sex ratio of Scheduled was equal or higher than unity and also higher than state average, which is an index of most favourable picture for females. However, in four districts namely Krishna, Guntur, P.Nellore, and Anantapur, urban sex ratio of Scheduled was higher than state average, while in rest of the districts, urban sex ratio of Scheduled was lower than state average, which adverse to women. This can attributed to sex differentials in migration and mortality rates of Scheduled (Pravin Visaria, 1961 and Coale, 1991), which are mainly determined by various socio-economic and cultural aspects. Table-4 furnishes information on district wise Total Child Sex ratio of Scheduled (0-6) in Andhra Pradesh, 2011. Table-4 shows that in 2011, the total child sex ratio of Scheduled of Andhra Pradesh was 964 and highest total child sex ratio of Scheduled was recorded in the district of Vizianagaram (1010) as against lowest in Anantapur (886). www.apjor.com Page 53
Table-4: wise Total Child Sex ratio of Scheduled (0-6) in Andhra Pradesh, 2011 Total male Total female Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Tribe Total Child Sex ratio of Scheduled 1 Srikakulam 9319 9060 972 2 Vizianagaram 13893 14033 1010 3 Visakhapatnam 40177 40269 1002 4 East Godavari 12723 12790 1005 5 West Godavari 6447 6277 974 6 Krishna 8590 8097 943 7 Guntur 17503 16418 938 8 Prakasam 11269 10604 941 9 Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore 19368 17907 925 10 Y.R Kadapa 5684 5313 935 11 Kurnool 5946 5529 930 12 Anantapur 10177 9012 886 13 Chittoor 10711 10256 958 Andhra Pradesh 171807 165565 964 But, it can be noted that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, three districts namely Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam and East Godavari, the total child sex ratio of Scheduled was equal or higher than unity and also higher than state average, which is an index of most favourable picture for female children of Scheduled. However, only in two districts namely Srikakulam and East Godavari, total child sex ratio Scheduled was higher than state average, while in rest of the districts, total child sex ratio of Scheduled was lower than state average, which adverse to female children. This can attributed mainly to sex selective abortions (Amartyasen,2001), sex ratio at birth, differentials in mortal rates of female children and partially to difference in migration of female children among Scheduled s, which are mainly determined by several socio-economic and cultural factors. Table-5 furnishes information on district wise Rural Child Sex ratio of Scheduled (0-6) in Andhra Pradesh, 2011. Table-5 reveals that in 2011, the rural child sex ratio of Scheduled of Andhra Pradesh was 967 and highest rural child sex ratio of Scheduled was recorded in the district of Vizianagaram (1011) as against lowest in Anantapur (887). www.apjor.com Page 54
Table-5: wise Rural Child Sex ratio of Scheduled (0-6) in Andhra Pradesh, 2011 Rural male Rural female Rural Child Scheduled Child Scheduled Child Sex ratio of Scheduled Tribe Tribe 1 Srikakulam 9010 8765 973 2 Vizianagaram 13478 13627 1011 3 Visakhapatnam 38136 38423 1008 4 East Godavari 11907 12010 1009 5 West Godavari 5792 5678 980 6 Krishna 6172 5787 938 7 Guntur 13730 12764 930 8 Prakasam 9428 8838 937 9 Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore 16664 15498 930 10 Y.R Kadapa 4375 4019 919 11 Kurnool 4714 4387 931 12 Anantapur 8332 7390 887 13 Chittoor 8842 8479 959 Andhra Pradesh 150580 145665 967 But, it can be noted that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, three districts namely Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam and East Godavari, rural child sex ratio of Scheduled was equal or higher than unity and also higher than state average, which is a sign of most favourable situation for female children of Scheduled. However, only in two districts namely Srikakulam and East Godavari, rural child sex ratio of Scheduled was higher than state average, while in rest of the districts, rural child sex of Scheduled ratio was lower than state average, which unpleasant to female children. Table-6 furnishes information on district wise Urban Child Sex ratio of Scheduled (0-6) in Andhra Pradesh, 2011. Table-6 shows that in 2011, urban child sex ratio of Scheduled of Andhra Pradesh was 937 and highest urban child sex ratio of Scheduled was recorded in the district of Vizianagaram (978) as against lowest in Anantapur (879). Moreover, it can be noted that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, no district was found at urban child sex ratio of Scheduled was equal or higher than unity. Table-6: wise Urban Child Sex ratio of Scheduled (0-6) in Andhra Pradesh, 2011 Urban male Child Scheduled Tribe Urban female Child Scheduled Tribe Urban Child Sex ratio of Scheduled 1 Srikakulam 309 295 955 2 Vizianagaram 415 406 978 3 Visakhapatnam 2041 1846 904 4 East Godavari 816 780 956 5 West Godavari 655 599 915 6 Krishna 2418 2310 955 7 Guntur 3773 3654 968 8 Prakasam 1841 1766 959 9 Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore 2704 2409 891 10 Y.R Kadapa 1309 1294 989 11 Kurnool 1232 1142 927 12 Anantapur 1845 1622 879 13 Chittoor 1869 1777 951 Andhra Pradesh 21227 19900 937 www.apjor.com Page 55
It was also noticed that in five districts, urban child sex ratio of Scheduled was higher than state average, but lower than unity and in rest of districts, urban child sex ratio of Scheduled was much lower, which is a danger signal of most unfavorable situation for female children of Scheduled. Thus, urban child sex ration of Scheduled was worst in state as whole as well as in all districts, which is severe and most dangers aspect, which causes number of evil effects. Conclusion Based on the findings, it can be concluded that out of 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, only in a very few district, the total, rural and urban sex ratios of Scheduled was at unity (i.e. females exceeds 1000), which is most favourable situation for.scheduled women However, in some districts, sex ratios of Scheduled were higher than state average, while in rest of districts, sex ratios of Scheduled were unpleasant. Further, except in three districts namely Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam and East Godavari, where total and rural child sex ratio of Scheduled was unit, which is favourable to female children of Scheduled, in rest of the districts, the total, rural and particularly urban child sex ratios of Scheduled were in worst situations and symbols of severe problem. Therefore, an urgent public attention is needed apart from the government policies to save the females, especially the female children of Scheduled. Suggestions Based on findings, the following suggestions are made for policy making for improving the sex ratio of Scheduled in general and child sex ratio of Scheduled in particular in both rural as well as urban areas. 1. Propagation through mass media on severe consequences of deficit of females particularly female children of Scheduled, especially to nook and corners. 2. Changing Scheduled men attitudes towards female and female children of Scheduled for favourable socio-economic and cultural situations 3. Effective implementation of female oriented policies for empowerment of females of Scheduled and girl child policies of Scheduled for betterment by which they overcome their present scenario. Reference 1. Amartyasen, 2001: Many faces of Gender inequalities, Frontline, vember, 9.pp.4-14. 2. Coale, A; 1991: Excess Female Mortality and the Balance of Sexes in the : An Estimation of the number of missing females, Development Review, Vol.17,.3, Sep. 3. Jain, M.K. 1976: Declining proportion of females in India Its extent and the underlying factors, Mimeographs, I.I.P.S, Bombay. 4. Kanitkar,T. 1992: The Sex ratio of India : A topic of speculation and research, Journal of Family Welfare. 5. Pathak K. B. F. Ram and B. Sing (1989). Child mortality in the district of Madhya Pradesh. Mimeographed. International institute for population sciences, Bombay. 6. Pravin Visaria, 1961: The sex ratio of the population of India; Census of India, 1961, Vol.1, Monograph.10, p.83. 7. Premi, M.K; 1991: The growing imbalance in India s Male-Female Ratio, The Economic Times, April, 18. 8. Rao K.V and B. Balakrishna (1990), Variations in Sex ratio and the associated factors, in K.V Rao, G Radhaiah and V. Narayan (ed), Statistics in Health and Nutrition, Pp. 287-302. 9. Saxena P.C (1982), Basic composition of the population. In of India, Country Monographh series,.10, United Nations, New York. 10. United Nations (1998), World population prospects (midyear estimates) revision, vol.2, Sex and age. www.apjor.com Page 56