1. (10) Match the statements in column B with the phyla in column A. D. Porifera A. Segmented body with a true coelom, earthworms and leeches H. Cnidaria B. Highly successful, chewing mouth parts, some fly G. Platyhelminthes C. Furry, live births, mammary glands, and feed young I. Nemertea D. No true tissues and sessile adults J. Mollusca E. Round worms covered with a cuticle and some reeeealy like us A.. Annelida F. Slow moving water living radial, kind of a throw back E. Nematoda G. Flat worm with complete simple nervous and digestive systems B. Arthropoda H. Both medusan and polyp stages in a radial life style F. Echinodermata I. The first closed circulatory system and they have a proboscis C. Mammalia J. All of us have (can put) a foot and (on a) mantle 2. (4) Cite and explain two reasons why nutrition is important in animals? Nutrition is important to allow organisms to have the materials for growth (increase in size), repair (build new material and cells), basic metabolic purposes (tasks devoted to keeping the organism alive and within homeostatic limits like gas exchange, acquiring food, or getting rid of waste), or doing activities (like moving). 3. (4) State the criteria for calculating a BMR or an SMR? Both require that the organism is at rest, fasting, non-stressed, but for ectotherms they need to be in their ambient temperature range. 4. In balancing an energy budget, the biggest concern for mammals is A. activity level. B. reproduction costs. C. basal metabolic rate. D. temperature regulation. 5. In balancing an energy budget, the biggest concern for reptiles is A. activity level. B. reproduction costs. C. basal metabolic rate. D. temperature regulation. 6. (3) Why would a deer mouse have a greater energy expenditure per unit mass than an adult human? This is due to the imbalance of its surface to volume ratio because the mouse has a greater volume in relationship to its surface area. Biology& 212 1
7. The regulation of fat stores in mammals is thought to depend on A. caloric balance. B. activity. C. basal metabolic rate. D. all the above. 8. (3) What is meant by the phrase an This amino acid is an essential nutrient? Amino acids that are considered essential must be procured from the ingested diet rather than the organism being able to manufacture the amino acid from precursor molecules. 9. The mammalian brain structure thought to regulate metabolism is the A. medulla oblongata. B. pons. C. limbic system. D. hypothalamus. 10. (4) List two fat-soluble vitamins and two water-soluble vitamins and give their general function. Please see Table 41.1 on page 877 of your textbook for assistance. 11. Most minerals in the human body function A. as precursors of other molecules. B. as coenzymes/cofactors. C. as the basis for building bones or teeth. D. in a variety of roles. 12. The primary function in digestion of the poriferan cell called a choanocyte is A. ingestion. B. transport. C. digestion. D. elimination. 13. Most of digestion in a cnidarian occurs A. extracellularly. B. intracellularly. C. at Uncle Bob s. D. within a gastrodermal tract. 14. (3) Describe the advantage of a gastro-vascular strategy of digestion? A gastro-vascular strategy lies in the fact that the organisms practicing this approach can save energy based on the fact that they don t have to build or support a more advanced digestive process. 15. The first true (one-way) digestive system is seen in the? group. A. Platyhelminthes B. annelidia C. rotiferan D. nemertean Biology& 212 2
16. (3) Explain the function of the crop in the alimentary canal? The crop function s as a food storage and mixing container before further grinding of food is accomplished. 17. (4) Describe the main digestive functions of the oral cavity and name the structures that accomplish these functions? The digestive function s of the oral cavity accomplishes two tasks. First it is designed to grind and mechanically digest (teeth and tongue) incoming food and second to mix the food with saliva to begin carbohydrate chemical digestion and to prepare the food to move through the rest of the tube. 18. The arrangement of the? layer of the esophagus allows mammals to swallow. A. muscular B. connective C. nervous D. epithelial 19. (4) Describe the main digestive functions of the stomach and name the chemicals that help accomplish these functions? The stomach function s as a food storage and mixing with chemicals to enhance the digestion of protein. The chemicals are pepsinogen, HCl, and mucous. The HCl activates the pepsinogen into pepsin (the protein enzyme) and the mucous counteracts the HCl. 20. (4) Compare and contrast the functions of the small versus the large intestine? The small intestine is designed to maximally increase the surface to allow for complete (relative) digestion of food and then to absorb the resulting molecules, where as the large intestine is designed to pack the unabsorbed material for elimination and to absorb water. Biology& 212 3
21. (4) Contrast the pancreas with the liver in regards to digestive function? The pancreas is responsible for releasing a number of digestive enzyme to complete carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid chemical digestion down to the level of molecules that can be absorbed, where as the liver is responsible for secreting a lipid emulsifier b=called bile. Both dump their products vis a tubular network into the duodenum of the small intestine.. 22. (4) Describe the process of cephalic digestion. Cephalic digestion is really a preparation for digestion to begin. When the senses are stimulated with food odors, visual cues, or just plain hunger pangs the brain sends signals to the salivary glands to begin secreting saliva, it also stimulates the esophagus, stomach, and S.I. to begin peristaltic waves in anticipation of the arrival of food. Chemicals begin to be released from the stomach as well. 23. The hormone responsible for activating the pancreas during digestion is A. secretin. B. choleocystokinin. C. gastrin. D. pancreatin. 24. An herbivore is going to have more? types of teeth. A. incisor B. canine C. molar D. deciduous 25. (4) Explain why an herbivore has a longer intestinal tract than a carnivore? The length has to do with the processing of the plant molecule called cellulose. This molecule simply needs more time to be broken down chemically. 26. (6) Compare the function of the section of a bovine s digestive tract known as the Omasum, Reticulum, and the Abomasum? The omasum is a highly folded to increase surface area of this second stomach of the bovine to allow for maximum absorption of water and salt and some mechanical digestion due it muscular wall contractions. The reticulum is a portion of the area of a bovine digestive tract which allows for mixing of digestive enzymes and bacteria to begin the breakdown of food for absorption. This third stomach also enhances the mechanical digestion of the food. The abomasum is the fourth stomach of a bovine where much of the chemical digestion is completed due to additions of enzymes from glands found it its tissue walls. Biology& 212 4
27. The practice of chewing cud by bovines does which of he following A. increases the surface area to volume ratio. B. occupies time. C. mixes bacteria with the food. D. What is cud? 28. (3) Explain the two reasons why a circulatory system is necessary in multi-celled animals? A circulatory system is necessary to provide a means of bring water, gases, and nutrients to all of the cells of the organism and to efficiently remove waste from these cells to maintain their homeostasis. 29. One disadvantage of an open circulatory system is A. slow delivery. B. energy costs of movement. C. mixing of waste with fresh nutrients. D. exchange mechanisms. 30. The group of organisms that exhibit a water vascular system are the A. sponges (poriferans). B. jellyfish (cnidarians). C. tunicates (urochordates). D. sea stars (echinoderms). 31. (6) Draw a flow diagram of blood through the mammalian heart and showing the location of each valve? Right atria through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar to the pulmonary circuit (lungs) return to the left atria via pulmonary veins through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar to the systemic system (body) and back to the right atria via the superior and inferior vena cava veins. 32. The systolic blood pressure number relates to A. atria contraction. B. ventricle contraction. C. atria relaxation. D. ventricle relaxation. 33. The P-wave of an ECG tracing indicates A. atria contraction. B. ventricle contraction. C. atria relaxation. D. ventricle relaxation. 34. The heart structure that delays the signal to beat is called the A. S-A node. B. Purkinje fibers. C. Bundle fibers. D. A-V node. Biology& 212 5