Name: Period: Review for Animal Systems Test II - KEY Questions 1-9: Write the main functions of the following body s in the spaces below. Then, write the levels of organization for each body. Give specific examples of each level of organization for each SYSTEM Cells Tissues Organs Organ s Organisms Nervous: neuron nervous tissue nerves nervous 1. Function: The nervous maintains homeostasis by controlling and regulating all other parts of the body. excretory Excretory: renal cell nephron kidney The excretory helps regulate the concentration of water and other components of body fluids. The Excretory System Maintains Homeostasis In 3 Steps: a. Filtration- Filters substances from the blood 2. Function: b. Reabsorption- Regulate the chemical composition of body fluids by retaining the proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients c. Secretion- Elimination of wastes in the form of urine Integumentary: 3. Function: Muscular: 4. Function: epidermis and integumentary epithelial cell skin dermis 1. Acts as a protective barrier for internal organs and tissues. 2. Prevents pathogens like bacteria and viruses from entering the body. 3. Helps to regulate the body s temperature by sweating or forming goose bumps. 4. Makes vitamin D when exposed to UV light. 5. Prevents the body from becoming dehydrated due to excess water loss. 6. Aids in excretion of wastes, like urea and salts. 7. Acts as a sensory organ by detecting heat, cold, pressure, and pain. skeletal, smooth biceps and muscular muscle fiber and cardiac triceps muscle tissue coordinates with the nervous to help animals respond to their environment. Skeletal: 5. Function: Immune: 6. Function: Lymphatic: 7. Function: bone marrow femur, skull osteocyte skeletal and cartilage and ribs Produces immune cells to protect against disease causing bacteria and viruses. Bones help produce new blood cells in addition to storing minerals transported by the circulatory. Bones protect many vital organs of the nervous Skull (brain), Vertebrae (spinal cord). lymph nodes immune white blood cells; and bone spleen and liver marrow; The main function of the immune is to fight off pathogens. This is the job of the white blood cells and the antibodies they create. lymphatic spleen and liver Plays a critical role in the immune by producing, storing, and circulating white blood cells. Collects fluid lost by the blood and returns it to the circulatory.
SYSTEM Endocrine: Give specific examples of each level of organization for each Cells Tissues Organs endocrine glands Organ s Endocrine Organisms 1. The endocrine regulates long-term changes in the body such as growth and 8. Function: development. It is made up of glands that release their products into the bloodstream. 2. It also controls many of your body s daily activities. reproductive Reproductive: gametes uterine lining ovaries, testes The reproductive combines genetic information from both parents (in most animals) 9. Function: to produce new life forms. This produces sex cells (gametes), delivers them, and protects a developing fetus until birth. Excretory System: Label the following terms next to the lines in the provided diagram of your excretory : kidney, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder. Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Questions 11-15. Write the functions of the following structures in the excretory. 11. Kidney: wastes are filtered out of the blood and reabsorption of nutrients 12. Ureter: tube that leads from kidney to bladder 13. Skin: excretes wastes in the form of sweat 14. Lungs: excretes CO 2 from the body 15. Urethra: tube that leads to the outside of the body where urine is excreted 16. What is the order of the flow of urine through the excretory? ureter kidney bladder urethra 17. How do the following s eliminate (excrete) waste? a. simple invertebrates (sponges) diffusion through cells b. arthropods (insects and spiders) Malphigian tubules c. vertebrates (mammals) Excretory 18. The kidneys help to maintain homeostasis by eliminating what types of wastes in the urine? Urea, salts, and excess water Immune System/Lymphatic System: 19. The most important first line of defense against pathogens is the skin. 20. What is the function of the following: a. Helper T cell These white blood cells actually attack the body s cells which contain virus or bacteria. They also target and destroy tumor cells which are the root of all cancer. b. Macrophages These cells kill bacteria by engulfing them (process known as phagocytosis). c. B cells These cells make antibodies. d. Memory B cells These cells are also responsible for remembering a specific bacteria or virus. This causes your body to recognize to them in the future. 21. Which of the above are most affected by HIV? Helper T cells
22. How does the immune work with the integumentary to protect against disease? Your skin is your first line of defense. The skin works to keep pathogens out, then the immune will attack them if they get in. 23. Which type of cell produces antibodies? B cells Skeletal System: 24. How does the skeletal function as part of the defense response? What other does it work with for this response? The skeletal produces immune cells (immune ) to protect against disease causing bacteria and viruses. These immune cells(white blood cells) are then carried by the circulatory for the immune response when needed. 25. Ligaments connect bone to bone. 26. Tendons connect muscle to bone. 27. What is the function of bone marrow? Produces blood cells and platelets. 28. What s does the skeletal work with to produce movement? Bones and muscles work in opposing pairs to perform body movement. Muscles and bones support, protect, and maintain posture for the human body. Muscular System: 29. List the three types of muscle tissue. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue 30. Where is each type of tissue found? Skeletal is attached to bones for movement; smooth is found lining the blood vessels, stomach, small intestine and diaphragm; cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. 31. How does the muscular work with the following s to maintain homeostasis? a. Digestive smooth muscle found in the stomach and intestinal tract helps move digested food through the body. b. Circulatory/Respiratory products of cellular respiration (CO2, lactic acid) from the muscular are removed via the blood stream. c. Nervous signals muscles to contract for movement and response to environmental stimuli. 32. The muscles, such as a bicep, require a larger than usual amount of mitochondria because they require large amounts of energy. Integumentary System: 33. What is the largest organ of the integumentary? Skin 34. What are the 3 layers of the skin? Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous (fat) layer 35. Where are the blood vessels located in the skin? Nerves? The blood vessels and nerve endings are found in the dermis 36. In what layer of the skin is melanin found? Epidermis 37. Define homeostasis. The process by which s maintain relatively constant internal conditions. What are 3 ways that the integumentary helps the other s maintain homeostasis? Acts as a protective barrier; helps prevent excess water loss; helps regulate body temperature (sweating and shivering). 38. Label the following on the diagram below: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer, sebaceous gland, sweat gland
epidermis dermis Sebaceous gland Subcutaneous (fat) layer Sweat gland Nervous System: 39. What are the cells of the Nervous System called? Neurons 40. What are the three types of neurons? 3 Types: Sensory neurons; motor neurons; interneurons 41. Label the parts of the brain. 42. How does the nervous work with the other s to maintain homeostasis? Bones of the skeletal protect the spinal cord and brain. The brain controls heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing via the circulatory and respiratory s. Glands in the brain control the release of hormones of the endocrine and reproductive s.the brain controls muscles both in digestion and movement. brain cerebellum Medulla oblongota Spinal cord 43. Label the parts of the neuron. Parts of the neuron: A. Dendrites B. Cell Body C and D. Axon E. Cell nucleus F. Axon terminal 44. What is an impulse and how does it travel down the neuron? Path of Impulse: Dendrite Axon Axon terminal Neurotransmitters 45. What is the name of the chemical released from the terminal to continue the impulse to the next neuron? neurotransmitters 46. Sensory neurons carry impulses to the brain and motor neurons carry impulses to the muscles. Both of these are part of the Peripheral Nervous System, while the interneurons of the brain and spinal cord make up the Central Nervous System. F--
Endocrine System: 46. Hormones are the chemical substances called that are released by the endocrine to signal target cells. 47. What hormones are released by each organ and what effects do the hormones have: a. Pituitary gland: controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth rate, reproduction, and metabolism b. Ovaries: The female reproductive glands release sex hormones that regulate egg maturation and control changes in a female s body at puberty (estrogen, progesterone) c. Testes: The male reproductive glands release a sex hormone that regulates sperm production and controls changes in a male s body at puberty (testosterone) d. Adrenal Glands: These glands release several hormones such as adrenaline, which triggers the body s response to sudden stress (fight or flight). Other hormones affect salt and water balance in the kidneys and general metabolism 48. Describe fight-or-flight. How is this response controlled by the endocrine? adrenaline, which triggers the body s response to sudden stress (fight or flight) Reproductive System: 49. What are the female reproductive organs? What are the female gametes called and where are they produced? ovaries- produce female gametes (ova or egg) 50. What is internal fertilization? Where does fertilization occur in the human female? internal fertilization: The eggs are fertilized within the reproductive tract of the female, and then are covered with egg shells and/or remain within the body of the female during their development. In human females, fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube. 51. What are the male reproductive organs? What are the male gametes called and where are they produced? produces male gametes (sperm) 52. Gametes contain genetic information, which can be passed on to the next generation.