Neuroanatomy
Prion disease cerebellum chapter b/c cerebellar ataxia here as a warning for obvious reasons. Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease (CJD) "Spongiform" (brain turns to sponge) Jews in Lybia who ate raw sheep eyeballs Kuru New Guinea cannibals. D.Carleton Gadjusek (1976 Nobel) slow virus. Scrapie in sheep so named because they roll around with intense itching.
Stanley Pruisinger 1980's protenaceous infectious particle1997 Nobel Normal protein (PrP-C [control]) is altered by altered form (PrP-Sc [scrapie]) 1990s "mad cow disease," joke. "BSE" (bovine spongiform encephalitis) having matter from other animals in the feed Can disease spread from animal to animal? Can disease spread from animal to human? Canada, mainland Europe, US - "downers"
From outline big area of cerebral cortex (2.2 square meters) from folding into sulci and gyri cellular cytoarchitecture - 2 mm thick cerebral cortex 6 layers, top (I) = molecular (without cells) Brodman made areas (from cytoarchitecture), famous:4 motor17 vision
Covered in 1st outline Rostral - caudal Medial - lateral Ipsilateral - contralateral Sagittal - coronal - horizontal
Also gray matter, cortex, nucleus and ganglion substantia (ex. substantia nigra) like nucleus but less distinct locus (l. coeruleus) small distinct group nerve, white matter, tract bundle (medial forebrain bundle) go together but unrelated capsule (internal c.) cerebrum - brainstem connection commisure - one side to another lemniscus (medial l.) - like ribbon
Lateral view cortex = "bark cerebrum senses - contralateral cerebellum (little brain) - ipsilateral Landmarks:Central Sulcus divides postcentral gyrus (primary sensory projection) 17 vision precentral gyrus (primary motor area) Brodman made area 4 motor Lateral (Sylvian) fissure Brainstem
Lobe functions frontal lobe - planning behavior parietal lobe - attending to stimuli temporal lobe - recognition occipital lobe - visual analysis
Embryo Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon Each of the above develops further.
In adult: Telencephalon -olfactory bulbs, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, etc. Diencephalon thalamus (sensory & motor "relay") and hypothalamus (visceral function) Mesencephalon - tectum -> superior and inferior colliculi (vision and audition respectively) Metencephalon - cerebellum, pons Myelencephalon - medulla - auditory, somatic, gustatory
Functional neuroanatomy I olfactory II optic III occulomotor - goes to 4 external eye muscles, pupil, accomodation, eyelids IV trochlear - to superior oblique muscle V trigeminal - somatic from face, chewing VI abducens - to external rectus muscle of eye
The rest of the cranial nerves VII facial - facial muscles, lacrimal and salivary glands, taste VIII auditory / vestibular IX glossopharyngeal - taste from back of tongue, sense from pharynx, carotid baroreceptors X vagus - autonomic, sensation, vocal cords, swallowing XI accessory - shoulder & neck muscles XII hypoglossal - tongue movements
Other ventral landmarks pyramids- of pyramidal (corticospinal tract) (decussation is caudal to this) (vs. extrapyramidal) mammallary body, pons, inferior olive (motor control), rhinal fissure, etc optic nerve, chiasm and tract cerebral peduncles - axons between brainstem and cortex
Cortex Neocortex (only in mammals) Hippocampus (archipallium, one cell layer, seahorse shaped) Olfactory cortex
human midsagittal thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla (subthalamus is between, concerned with motor function) corpus callosum, anterior commisure, cingulate sulcus and gyrus, etc.optic chiasm, infundibular stalk, pituitary, mammallary body, pineal, colliculi, etc. some of these are in limbic system (chap 28)
Sheep midsagittal Third and lateral ventricle Massa intermedia (thalamus) Pyramidal tract Pons Plus named structures
Dorsal brainstem dorsal view of midbrain and brainstem Cerebellum has 3 peduncles superior and inferior colliculi many important nuclei, principally of cranial nerves, are drawn in
Coronal section this view is especially good for the basal ganglia and internal capsule striatum = caudate + putamen putamen and globus pallidus pool structurally to make the lens shaped lenticular nucleus
Other information Lateral geniculate nucleus hippocampus
Emphasize neocortex (found only in mammals), hippocampus (archipallium) (one cell layer) (seahorse shaped) and olfactory cortex