Basic Building Blocks of Cells Course 1 / Lecture 119

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Transcription:

Basic Building Blocks of Cells Course 1 / Lecture 119 vladimira.kvasnicova@lf3.cuni.cz Department of biochemistry the 4 th floor office 411

Biogenic elements = elements essential for structure and function of organisms macrobiogenic elements: C O H N Ca P S Na Cl K Mg over 0,005 % of body mass recommended daily intake over 100 mg blood concentration more than micromolar microbiogenic (trace) elements Fe Cu Zn Se F I Co Cr Mn Mo Si V less than 0,005 % of body mass recommended daily intake less than 100 mg blood concentration: micromolar or lower

Chemical composition of human body (mass %) 60% water (2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular) 18% proteins, peptides, amino acids 15% lipids (mainly triacylglycerols of fatty tissue) 1% saccharides (poly- and monosaccharides) 1% nucleic acids, nucleotides 5% mineral substances

Chemical composition of cells 1. 60 mass% - water polar solvent, most of chemical reactions in a human body take place in aqueous solutions 2. 35 mass% - organic compounds a) high molecular weight (proteins, nucleic acids, glycogen) b) low molecular weight (glucose, lipids, amino acids, metabolic intermediates e.g. organic acids derivatives) 3. 5 mass% - inorganic compounds

Organic building blocks of cells monomer (basic unit) amino acid (21) nucleotide (4) monosaccharide isoprene biopolymers (macromolecules) proteins nucleic acids polysaccharides terpenes phosphodiester b. glycosidic bonds C-C bonds bonds (covalent) peptide bonds phospholipid triacylglycerol aggregates micelles, bilayers lipid droplets x x

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lipid

This lecture concentrates on structure, properties and functions of saccharides lipids nucleotides individual lectures: Structure of proteins (124) Structure of nucleic acids (132) Structure and function of membranes (137)

Saccharides (= carbohydrates) monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones aldoses /ketoses linear or cyclic monosaccharides linear or branched polysaccharides (= glycans) include chiral carbon(s) optical isomerism -OH, -CHO can be oxidized to COOH - CHO can be reduced to -OH low-molecular sacharides are water soluble and sweet energy for cells, structural and signal functions

Saccharides (carbohydrates, glycides) = polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones D-glucose D-fructose

deoxysaccharides 2-deoxy-D-ribose amino saccharides D-glucose amine NH 2 The figures have been adopted from Harper s Biochemistry

GLUCOSE central role chiral carbon The figures have been adopted from Harper s Biochemistry a z http://www.vuw.ac.nz/staff/paul_teesdalespittle/organic/chiral_web/images/fig1_5d.gif (April 2007)

O-glycosidic bond The figure is found at http://www.nmc.edu/~koverbaugh/bio115/image14.gif (October 2007)

GLYCOGEN (Glc) n OH nonreducing end reducing end The figure is found at http://students.ou.edu/r/ben.a.rodriguez-1/glycogen.gif (October 2007)

CELLULOSE β-glc(1 4)Glc The figures are found at http://web.chemistry.gatech.edu/~williams/bcourse_information/6521/carbo/glu/cellulose_int_2.jpg http://www.kjemi.uio.no/14_skole/modul/evina_organisk/org_k3fig14_cellulose.jpg (October 2007)

Lipids = group of biological molecules that are insoluble in aqueous solutions (they are hydrophobic, lipophilic - nonpolar structures predominate in their molecules - soluble in nonpolar solvents structural components of biological membranes energy reserves, predominantly in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG = neutral fat) excellent mechanical and thermal insulators biologically active compounds (vitamins, hormones, bile acids, visual pigment)

Lipids adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2 nd edition, Thieme 2005

Structural components of lipids alcohols glycerol (a) sfingosine (b) cholesterol (c) inositol (d) a) b) c) d) long chain monocarboxylic acids (= fatty acids) The figures are adopted from http://en.wikipedia.org (April 2007)

Fatty acids found in lipids mostly contain even number of carbons and cis double bonds. The figure was adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2 nd edition, Thieme 2005

Double bond is rigid, it affect a spatial structure of unsaturated acids The figure was adopted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fatty_acid (April 2007)

Structure of lipids fatty acids are bound to glycerol by ester bonds individual lecture The figure is found at http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/spring2002/ch339k/robertus/overheads-2/ch11_lipid-struct.jpg (Jan 2007)

The figure was adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2 nd edition, Thieme 2005

ISOPRENOIDS 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene = isoprene (polyisoprene) squalene (C 30 = triterpene) The figure is found at http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/spring2002/ch339k/robertus/overheads- 2/ch11_cholesterol.jpg (Jan 2007)

Naming isoprenoids: monoterpenes (C 10 ) sesquiterpenes (C 15 ) diterpenes (C 20 ) triterpenes (C 30 ) tetraterpenes (C 40 ) 2 x isoprene 3 x isoprene 4 x isoprene 6 x isoprene 8 x isoprene isoprenes are bound either head to tail or tail to tail terpenes have different degree of unsaturation and variety of functional groups

Nucleotides = heterocyclic N-containing base (pyrimidine or purine) + sugar (pentose) + phosphoric acid(s) base nucleoside (base + sugar) nucleotide abbreviation adenine adenosine adenosine monodi-tri phosphate AMP, ADP, ATP guanine guanosine guanosine monodi-tri phosphate GMP, GDP, GTP cytosine cytidine cytidine monodi-tri phosphate CMP, CDP, CTP thymine thymidine thymidine monodi-tri phosphate TMP, TDP, TTP uracil uridine uridine mono-ditri phosphate UMP, UDP, UTP

PURINE BASES purine The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2

PYRIMIDINE BASES pyrimidine The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2

ribonucleoside deoxyribonucleoside N-glycosidic bond The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2

ribonucleosides deoxyribonucleoside The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ester bond N-glycosidic bond anhydride bonds ribose Obrázek převzat z http://www.thebestlinks.com/images/f/f5/atp.png (říjen 2007)

Recommended literature http://www.megabooks.cz/kontakty/

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