Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 7 States of Consciousness
Waking Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments
Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations Circadian Rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature
Premenstrual Syndrome Negative mood score 3 Recalled mood is worse than earlier reported 2 1 Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual Menstrual phase Actual Recalled mood
Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams paradoxical sleep muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness
Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinations false sensory experiences
Stages in a Typical Night s Sleep Sleep stages 1 Awake 2 3 4 REM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep
Stages in a Typical Night s Sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 25 20 Decreasing Stage 4 15 10 Increasing REM 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hours of sleep
Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents
Sleep Deprivation Accident frequency 2,800 Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents 2,700 4,200 2,600 4000 2,500 2,400 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) Monday before time change 3,800 3,600 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Monday after time change
Sleep Disorders Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea temporary cessation of breathing momentary reawakenings
Night Terrors and Nightmares Sleep stages 1 2 3 4 Awake 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep REM Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 high arousal-- appearance of being terrified
Dreams: Freud Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person s mind hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering
Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying meaning
Dreams As Information Processing helps facilitate memories REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation
Sleep Across the Lifespan
Hypnosis Hypnosis a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist s suggestion
Hypnosis Unhypnotized persons can also do this
Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to pretend unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others Hidden Observer Hilgard s term describing a hypnotized subject s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Explaining Hypnosis
Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence and Addiction Drug effect Big effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Tolerance diminishing effect with regular use Withdrawal discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Little effect Small Drug dose Large
Psychoactive Drugs Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD
Psychoactive Drugs Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Psychoactive Drugs Opiates opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Cocaine Euphoria and Crash
Psychoactive Drugs Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
Trends in Drug Use 80% High school seniors reporting drug use 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish Cocaine 0 1975 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 Year
Perceived Marijuana Risk Percent of twelfth graders 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Perceived great risk of harm in marijuana use Used marijuana 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 Year
Near-Death Experiences Near-Death Experience an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to druginduced hallucinations
Near-Death Experiences Dualism the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact Monism the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing