INTRO TO CAREER DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL THE THEORIES Chapter 1 & 2
Group Presentation Proposal One page (per group) Brief description of the specific population you are serving through this research presentation a) Educational setting? b) Will you present on a blend of populations? c) Is there a specific career issue you hope to address through this project? d) Do you primarily plan to use an assessment tool, or another type of intervention? Due Feb 10 th
Foundations of Career Development Practice Career Development- Life long process involving psychological, educational, economic and physical factors. A mechanism to ensure social justice a) Wage differentials between men & women b) Providing the opportunity for all to prepare for specific occups. 1970s Career Education became a dominant presence in public schools because of federal support Career Counseling est. rapport, assessing, goal setting, intervention, termination.
History Career development theories first appeared in 1909 by Frank Parsons 1950 s & 1960s that the creation more intense developmental theories began Many theories have a western culture perspective. Theories of career choice and development serve 3 functions: 1) Facilitate the understanding of the forces that influence career choice 2) Stimulate research to help better clarify career choice 3) Provide a guide to practice
6 Early Theories Have limited applicability to special groups women, European men and women. Are culturally oppressive because they are rooted in Eurocentric beliefs Reflect independent, not dependent career decision making.
CATEGORIES: PHILOSOPICAL ASSUMPTONS: Trait & Factor Theories Developmental Theories Learning Theories Socioeconomic Theories Modern (Positivist) Thinking Behavior can be studied objectively Research process should be value free Cause and effect occur and can be measured Behavior can be measured with instruments Random sampling Career Counselors Objective, use instruments, base practice on empirical research Recent Theoretical Theories Misc. Postmodern (Constructivist) Thinking Behavior cannot be studied objectively Research process is not value free Cause and effect cannot be determined Student narratives (stories) are legitimate source of data Purposeful sampling: Research is goal free Career Counselors Focus on student narratives, qualitative procedures, help construct career goals based on student perception of the context they function in.
Trait & Factor Theories Holland Theory Personality develops based on inherited characteristics, activities, and your interest that grows from those activities. Six personalities: 1) Realistic 2) Investigative 3) Artistic 4) Social 5) Enterprising 6) Conventional Top 3 scores are your Holland Code Most influential theory Instrument: Strong Interest Inventory, O*Net interest profiler Generally used well for men, women, and diverse populations. Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA) People have two needs: 1) Biological (survival) needs 2) Psychological needs Work place has needs: 1) Skills job related 2) Aptitudes potential to develop 3) Personality Structure aptitude and values of the individual Knowledge of work environment & worker personality are needed. Not widely practiced, but measurement tools and tests do exist.
9 Holland s Personality-Job Fit Theory Type Personality Occupations Realistic Investigative Social Conventional Enterprising Artistic Shy, Stable, Practical Analytical, Independent Sociable, Cooperative Practical, Efficient Ambitious, Energetic Imaginative, Idealistic Mechanic, Farmer, Assembly-Line Worker Biologist, Economist, Mathematician Social Worker, Teacher, Counselor Accountant, Manager Bank Teller Lawyer, Salesperson Painter, Writer, Musician
10 Holland s Six Work Environments Realistic Environment Investigative Environment Artistic Environment Social Environment Enterprising Environment Conventional Environment
Conventional Occupational Personality Types 11 R I C A E S
Trait & Factor Theories Values-Based Theory of Occupational Choice a) Primarily aimed at ppl with traditional Eurocentric values b) Propositions of Brown s values-based theory (p. 40-41) Why are values important? Values beliefs experienced that set the standard for how he or she should function. Values play a central role in decision making because they are the basis of goal setting. How are an individual s values developed? a) Enculturation accepting one s own cultural values b) Biculturalism two or more cultural beliefs are internalized c) Acculturation enculturation of beliefs from a culture different from your own
14 Values-Based Theory of Occupational Choice Values Human nature Person-nature relationship Time orientation Activity Self-control Social relationships Collateral allocentrism
15 Propositions of Brown s Values-Based Theory 1. Highly prioritized work values are the most important determinant of career choice from people who value individualism. 2. Individuals who hold collective social values and come from families who hold the same values defer to the wishes of the family in occupational decision-making.
16 Propositions of Brown s Values-Based Theory (continued) 3) When taken individually, cultural values regarding activity do not constrain the occupational decisionmaking process. 4) Males, females, and people from differing cultural groups enter occupations at varying rates. 5) The process of choosing an occupation value involves a series of estimates.
17 Propositions of Brown s Values-Based Theory (continued) 6) Occupational success is related to job-related skills acquired in formal and informal educational settings, job-related aptitudes and skills, SES, preparation in the work role, and the extent to which discrimination is experienced. 7) Occupational tenure os partially the result of the match between the cultural and work values of worker, supervisors, and colleagues.
Developmental Theories Super s Life Span, Life Space Theory 1. Individual differences exist 2. We fit certain occupations 3. Each occupations calls for a specific personality type 4. Our vocational preferences change 5. The process of change is summed up into Life Stages 6. Career patterns are influenced by external factors 7. Readiness to deal with the demands of an occupation influence the types of job we will occupy
Developmental Theories Super s Life Span, Life Space Theory Life stages 1) Growth Stage self concepts are developed 2) Exploratory Stage awareness that occup. as an aspect of life 3) Establishment Stage early encounters with actual work experience 4) Maintenance Stage continue or improve the occup. situation 5) Decline Stage preretirement, focused on keeping job and maintaining min. standards
Developmental Theories 8. Career maturity is a psychosocial construct 9. Development through the Life Stages are guided by many factors 10. Career development is the implementation of occupational self concepts (life career rainbow p.46) 11. We experiment with occupations through compromise and abstract visionalization 12. Work satisfaction is dependent on numerous variables 13. The greater the implemental in self concepts the greater job satisfaction 14.Work provides a place for personality expression
Developmental Theories Super s Life Span, Life Space Theory Used as a basis for career counseling Has been used as a framework for career development programs for children and adolescents (pre-k to middle school)
Developmental Theories Gottfredson s Theory of Circumscription & Compromise How career aspirations develop in an individual: 1) Begins in childhood 2) Career aspirations are attempts to implement selfconcept 3) Career satisfaction depends on how congruent the career is with your self-concept 4) Occupational stereotypes develop and guide the your career selection process
Developmental Theories Gottfredson s Theory of Circumscription & Compromise Self-Concept Social Self *Most important determinant of occup. aspirations Made up of self-perceptions: status, gender, intelligence Psychological Self Made up of variables such as values & personality variables Career Choice = Social Identity 1) Masculinity/femininity of occup.*** 2) Prestige of the occup. 3) Fields of work Note: see bottom of page 50
Developmental Theories Gottfredson s Theory of Circumscription & Compromise Compromise = Adolescents & adults give up preferred occup. for more accessible occup. Developmental Stages: 1) Orientation to size & power (Age 3-5) play activities, learning from adults 2) Orientation to sex roles (Age 6-8) acceptable for men & women 3) Orientation to social valuation (Age 9-13) Occups have social status 4) Choices explored (Age 14+) choices explored, but within tolerable boundaries. This is also when compromise occurs.
Developmental Theories Gottfredson s Theory of Circumscription & Compromise Career development programs should break down sex-role stereotypes Elem School career explore to prevent premature circumscription Middle School encourage self-exploration because students may be limiting themselves High School Intro how to enter occups. & breaking down barriers This is a strong theory to use with underrepresented student populations