DIFICULTĂŢI DE DIAGNOSTIC ÎN SINDROMUL EXTRAPIRAMIDAL LA COPILUL MIC

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12 PREZENTĂRI DE CAZ DIFICULTĂŢI DE DIAGNOSTIC ÎN SINDROMUL EXTRAPIRAMIDAL LA COPILUL MIC Asist. Univ. Dr. Ioana Minciu 1, Dr. George Moisa 2 1 Medic primar Neurologie pediatrică, Clinica Neurologie Pediatrică, Spitalul Clinic de Psihiatrie Al. Obregia, UMF Carol Davila Bucureşti 2 Medic rezident Neurologie Pediatrică REZUMAT Introducere. Boala Lesch Nyhan este o boală genetică, cu transmitere-x linkată recesivă, a metabolismului purinelor caracterizată prin defi citul de Hipoxantin-Guanin-Fosforiboziltransferază (HPRT) ce duce la hiperproducţie de acid uric. Gena este localizată pe cromozomul X q26-q27.2. Prezentarea cazului. Se prezintă cazul unui copil de sex masculin HAV în prezent în vârstă de 6 ani, internat în Clinica Neurologie Pediatrică Spital Al. Obregia în mod repetat de la vârsta de aproximativ 1 an pentru întârziere în dezvoltarea psihomotorie pe etape, tulburări de tonus şi mişcare care, iniţial, a fost diagnosticat ca paralizie cerebrală, pentru ca la 3 ani, odată cu apariţia automutilărilor şi a hiperuricemiei, să fi e suspicionat ca Boală Lesch-Nyhan şi confi rmat genetic la 3 ani şi 6 luni. Concluzii. Un tablou clinic de Paralizie cerebrală spastic-diskinetică cu IRM cerebral normal poate as cunde o boală metabolică cu transmitere genetică şi risc crescut de recurenţă. Cuvinte cheie: sindrom extrapiramidal, hiperuricemie, gena HPRT INTRODUCERE Boala Lesch Nyhan este o boală genetică, cu transmitere-x linkată recesivă, a metabolismului purinelor, caracterizată prin deficitul de Hipoxantin- Guanin-Fosforiboziltransferază (HPRT) (1) ce duce la hiperproducţie de acid uric (2). Gena este localizată pe cromozomul X q26-q27.2. Mutaţiile sunt heterogene: mutaţii punctiforme sau deleţii, inserţii ş.a. HPRT catalizează reacţia în care hipoxantina şi guanina sunt reutilizate pentru a forma nucleotidele respective: acidul inosinic şi guanilic (3). Când nu există HPRT, se reduce feedbakul inhibitor şi se accelerează sinteza de novo a purinelor. (4) Prevalenţa în lume este de 1: 380.000. (2) Patogeneza anomaliilor neurologice este neclară. Hiperuricemia nu este cauza afectării neurologice în această boală, este cauza pentru disfuncţia renală. Unele studii sugerează anomalii în metabolismul neurotransmiţătorilor, în special al căilor dopaminergice (5). Nucleotidele guanine participă în reglarea legării de receptorii agonisti dopaminergici (evidenţe de funcţie dopaminergică redusă în nucleii bazali) (6,7) Clinic se clasifică în 3 forme (8): forma clasică, forma neurologică şi forma renală (Keeley-Seegmiller) sau 4 grupe: 1 renal cu dezvoltare normală, 2 cu simptome neurologice uşoare, 3 cu simpto me neurologice severe fără automutilări (nu pot merge dar se pot autogestiona), 4 cu simptome ne uro logice severe cu automutilări şi total dependent (6). PREZENTAREA CAZULUI Se prezintă cazul unui copil de sex masculin, în prezent în vârstă de 6 ani, internat în Clinica Neurologie Pediatrică Sp. Al. Obregia în mod repetat de la vârsta de aproximativ 1 an pentru întârziere în dezvoltarea psihomotorie pe etape cu tulburări de tonus (spasticitate la nivelul membrelor asociată cu marcată hipotonie axială observate la 1 an) şi tulburări de mişcare şi postură (elemente extrapiramidale tip coreoatetoză şi distonie observate după 1 an şi 6 luni). Adresa de corespondenţă: Dr. Ioana Minciu, Clinica Neurologie Pediatrică 1, Spitalul Clinic Al. Obregia, Şos. Berceni nr. 10, Sector 4, Bucureşti e-mail: iminciu@yahoo.com 422 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXI, NR. 4, AN 2012

REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXI, NR. 4, AN 2012 423 Istoric Din antecedente am reţinut că este singurul copil, sarcina a fost normală, naştere la 38 săptămâni fiziologică, prezentaţie craniană, Apgar-9, greutate 2.300 g, circulară de cordon, icter prelungit ce a necesitat fototerapie. Antecedentele familale: nesemnificative. Dezvoltarea psihomotorie a fost întârziată şi sesizată de la 3 luni; a ţinut capul la 12 luni, nu stă în şezut decât cu sprijin şi susţinut, nu merge, lalizează de la 7 luni, spune cuvinte cu sens de la 1 an şi 6 luni. La 1 an: CT (tomografie computerizată) cerebrală: normală. Examene de laborator fără semnificaţie clinică. Pe baza istoricului de posibilă suferinţă hipoxică cu hiperbilirubinemie şi al tabloului clinic neprogresiv, diagnosticul iniţial la 1 an al acestui copil a fost paralizie cerebrală şi a început tratamentul de recuperare motorie cu progrese foarte mici. După 1 an şi 6 luni achiziţii psihomotorii prezente dar lente, are control mai bun al capului, a început să se rostogolească, încearcă să se târască; spune câteva cuvinte cu sens mono şi bisilabice. De la vârsta de 3 ani copilul este mai agitat şi apare comportament autoagresiv (muşcări frecvente şi violente buza inferioară şi police mâini bilateral). Examen clinic şi neurologic La 3 ani: hipotrofie staturoponderală, talia şi gre utatea sub percentila 5 pentru vârstă, fără dismorfii, cicatrice cu lipsa de substanţă la nivelul buzei inferioare (Fig. 1) şi cicatrice la nivelul policelor bilateral (Fig. 2) postautogresiune (muşcături repetate), echilibrat cardio-respirator şi digestiv, nu are control sfincterian. La examenul neurologic tulburări de deglutiţie şi fonaţie, fund de ochi normal, vorbire explozivă greu inteligibilă, în silabe (prima silabă a cuvântului), rar cuvinte bisilabice, auz normal, sindrom piramido-extrapiramidal cu hipertonie a membrelor şi hipotonie axială, mişcari involuntare de tip grimase, protruzie a limbii, posturi distonice la nivel cefalic, coreoatetoză la membre (dreapta predominant) şi posturi distonice (predominant stânga), cu dificultăţi mari de menţinere a posturii capului şi trunchiului în şezut, cu mers imposibil, cu prehensiune aproape imposibilă din cauza miş cărilor involuntare, nu transferă obiecte, dar se poate rostogoli şi târî pe coate, reflexul paraşutei schiţat, fără tulburări de sensibilitate. Achiziţii cog nitive şi de limbaj corespunzător nivelului de vârstă 12-18 luni (QD~34±5), întârziere psihică severă. Limbaj receptiv mai bun decât expresiv. Com portament autoagresiv accentuat de frustrări şi stres (Fig. 3). Nu se autoserveşte, total dependent de mamă. FIGURA 1. Leziune la nivelul buzei inferioare FIGURA 2. Leziune la nivelul policelui FIGURA 3. Comportament autoagresiv Examenele de laborator Au arătat: valori crescute ale acidului uric seric şi urinar (acid uric seric = 10,72 mg/dl, acid uric

424 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXI, NR. 4, AN 2012 urinar: 1.136,485 mg/24h) La mamă, acid uric seric normal (4,16 mg/dl). Studiul conducerii nervoase: normal. Ecografie abdominală-normală. IRM cerebral normal (Figura 4). FIGURA 4. IRM cerebral. Secvenţe coronare T1 şi T2 ponderate În acest moment, diagnosticul este de encefalopatie cu diskinezii, comportament compulsivagresiv şi hiperuricemie, suspiciune de boală Lesch-Nyhan. S-a efectuat examenul genetic care a confirmat diagnosticul prin identificarea unei mutaţii hemizigote c.508 C>T în exonul 7 al genei HPRT1. Mutaţia are ca rezultat formarea unui stop codon prematur cu urmarea formarea unei proteine HPRT1 trunchiate sau diminuarea ARNm HPRT1. Diagnosticul diferenţial s-a făcut uşor cu unele leucodistrofii sau boli metabolice, precum şi cu paralizia cerebrală în această etapă (Tabelul I). Tratamentul a fost multidisciplinar şi a cuprins: controlul nivelului acidului uric seric cu Allopurinol 5-10 mg/kg (2) în 2-3 prize, aport de lichide şi alcalinizare urinară. Nu există tratament specific pentru tulburarea neurologică. Pacientul a primit medicaţie antispastică (Lioresal, Rivotril), infiltraţii cu Dysport, a efectuat kinetoterapie pentru spasticitate şi tulburările de deglutiţie. Pentru comportamentul agresiv s-a încercat tratament medicamentos (neuroleptice, hipnotice, antidepresive), S-Adenosil Metionina, terapie comportamentală, contenţionare pentru automutilări. Pentru tulburarea de mişcare s-au încercat: L- dopa, Romparkin, Levetiracetam, Neuroleptice fără rezultate semnificative. Tratament profilactic S-a efectuat testarea genetică a mamei, care a confirmat că este purtătoarea defectului genetic. Sora mamei a fost indemnă, iar bunica maternă, sora bunicii şi verişoarele primare ale mamei nu au putut fi testate (Figura 5). S-a acordat sfat genetic mamei (risc de 50% din băieţi cu boală şi 50 % din fete purtătoare) (9) Se recomandă amniocenteza la o altă sarcină cu feţi masculini pentru examen genetic al genei HPRT (10). TABELUL 1. Diagnostic diferenţial al principalelor caracteristici ale bolii Cauze pentru sindrom extrapiramidal la copilul mic Paralizie cerebrală Vascular infarcte nuclei bazali Encefalite Traumatisme Tumori nuclei bazali Calcifi cări nuclei bazali Coreea ereditară benignă Necroza striatală bilaterală Boala Paelizeus-Merzbacher Sindrom Cockayne Sindrom Leigh-Feigin-Wolf aminoacidopatii, aciduria glutarică I, acidemia D glicerică, defi cit de sulfi toxidază± defi cit de xantinoxidază acidemia propionică, homocistinuria hiperfenilalaninemia aciduria metilglutaconică tip III Cauze de automutilări Neuropatia senzitivă ereditară congenitală (tip II) Neuropatia senzitivă ereditară tip IV Insensibilitatea congenitală la durere Retard psihic sever Cauze de hiperuricemie congenitală Defi citul de fosforibozilpirofosfatază Hiperactivitatea fosforibozilpirofosfat sintetazei Defi citul de adenilosuccinatliază (ASL) Glicogenoze tip I sau cu afectare musculară tip III, V, VII

REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXI, NR. 4, AN 2012 425 FIGURA 5. Arborele genealogic al pacientului Evoluţia De la 3 la 6 ani a fost fără progrese motorii, cu unele progrese cognitive şi pe vocabular (pe latura limbajului receptiv achiziţiile corespund intervalului 30-33 luni, expresiv 16-18 luni). Prognosticul Este rezervat în acest caz, pacientul nostru având forma severă clasică de boală cu tulburări neurologice, deficit cognitiv, hiperuricemie şi automutilări, fiind complet dependent de o altă persoană pen tru îngrijire. Probabil că nu va merge independent şi nu va şedea fără ajutor/scaun rulant (11). Psihic sunt posibile progrese, dar se va menţine disartria şi riscul de automutilare severă. Poate dezvolta convulsii şi pneumonie de aspiraţie. În timp, hiperuricemia poate conduce la nefrolitiază, iar netratată, la uropatie obstructivă şi insuficienţă renală cu deces, de aceea este necesară urmărirea ecografică periodică. (12) Mai poate dezvolta anemie megaloblastică, iar spre pubertate artrită şi tofi gutoşi (13). Mai rar posibile, dar amintite în literatură, episoade de comă inexplicabilă însoţind boli acute sau moarte subită. Deces la adult în decada 3-5 de viaţă (12). CONCLUZII un tablou clinic de Paralizie cerebrală spastic-diskinetică cu IRM cerebral nomal poate ascunde o boală metabolică cu transmitere genetică şi risc crescut de recurenţă, prin urmare un diagnostic precis este foarte important asocierea comportamentului autoagresiv este foarte sugestivă pentru Boala Lesch-Nyhan nivelul seric şi urinar al acidului uric sunt elemente simple de diagnostic confirmarea genetică este importantă atât pen tru pacient, cât şi pentru famila acestuia sfatul genetic este tratamentul profilactic al bolii.

426 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXI, NR. 4, AN 2012 Diagnosis difficulties in extrapyramidal syndrome in young children Ioana Minciu 1, George Moisa 2 1 Pediatric neurologist, Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, UMF Carol Davila Bucharest, 2 Pediatric neurology resident ABSTRACT Introduction. Lesch-Nyhan disease is a genetic disorder, X-linked recessive, of the purines metabolism, characterized by defi ciency of hipoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT- 1) which results in an increase of uric acid in both the blood and the urine. The gene is located on the chromosome X q26- q27.2. Case presentation. It s presented the case of a boy now 6 years old, with multiple admissions in Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al. Obregia Hospital from the age of about 1 year for psychomotor developmental delay, movement disorders, initially diagnosed with cerebral palsy, then at the age of 3 years old, once the selfmutilation behavior and hyperuricaemia were noticed we suspected Lesch-Nyhan disease which was genetically confi rmed at the age of 3 years and 6 months. Conclusions. A clinical picture of spastic-dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy with normal cerebral MRI can underlay a metabolic disorder with genetic transmission and increased risk of recurrence. Key words: extra-pyramidal syndrome, hyperuricaemia, HPRT gene INTRODUCTION Lesch-Nyhan disease is a genetic disorder, X- linked recessive, of the purine metabolism, characterized by deficiency of hipoxanthine-guaninephos-phoribosyltransferase (HPRT 1) (1) which results in an increase of uric acid in both the blood and the urine (2). The gene is located on the chromosome X q26-q27.2. The mutations are heterogeneous point mutations, or deletions, insertions, etc. HPRT catalyzes the reaction in which hypoxanthine and guanine are reused to form the respective nucleotides: inosinic acid and guanilic acid (3). When there is no HPRT the inhibitor s feed-back is reduced and the de novo synthesis of purines is accelerated (4) The worldwide prevalence is 1:380.000 (2). The pathogenesis of neurological abnormalities is unclear. Hyper-uricaemia is not the cause of the neurological dysfunction in this disorder, but is the cause for renal impairment. Some studies are suggesting anomalies in the neurotransmitters metabolism, especially of the dopaminergic pathways (5). The guanine nucleotides are participating in the adjustment of the binding of dopaminergic agonists with the receptors (there is the evidence of low dopaminergic function in the basal nuclei)(6,7). Clinically there are 3 forms (8): the classical one, the neurological form and the renal form (Keeley- Seegmiller) or we can distinguish 4 groups: 1 renal group with normal development, 2 with slight neurological symptoms, 3 with severe neurological symptoms without self-mutilation behavior (cannot walk, but with self-management), and 4 severe neurological symptoms with self mutilation behavior and permanent care needed (6). CASE PRESENTATION It s presented the case of a male boy, now 6 years old, with multiple admissions from the age of about 1 year old for psychomotor developmental delay (observed by the mother from the age of 3 months), with tone abnormality (spasticity of the limbs associated with marked axial hypotonia at age of 1 year) and movement and posture disorders (extra-pyramidal elements observed after the age of 1 year and 6 months; choreoathetosis and dystonia). He is the only child, from normal pregnancy, birth at 38 weeks of gestation, cranian presentation, Apgar score 9, weight at birth 2300 grams, circular cord, prolonged jaundice. Family history: unsignificant. Developmental milestones: delayed in general; first observed at the age of 3 months, head control was possible at 12 months, sits with support, cannot walk, says several words after the age of 1 year and 6 months. Cerebral Computer Tomography (CT) (at 1 year): normal. Lab Exams without clinical relevance.

REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXI, NR. 4, AN 2012 427 Based on the history of possible hipoxic injury with hyper-bilirubinemia, the initial diagnosis of this child was Cerebral Palsy, and he started the motor recovery treatment. After 1 year and 6 months, psycho-motor aquisitions were present, but were delayed and incomplete, he had better head control, starts rolling, tries to crawl; says a few words. From the age of 3 the child is more agitated and starts the self aggressive behavior (bites the fingers and lips. Clinical Examination at the age of 3: the child was hypotrofic (high and weight under percentile 5 for the age), no dismorfic features, a scar with lack of substance on the lower lip (fig. 1) and scars at the thumbs bilaterallly (fig. 2) post self-mutilation (repeated bites, no control of the sphincters. At neurological examination there are swallowing and phonation impairments, with explosive speech, hard to understand, using the syllables (first syllabe of the word), normal hearing, pyramido-extrapyramidal syndrome with hypertonia of the limbs, axial hypotonia, involuntary movements (grimace type, tongue protrusion), distonic postures of the head, limb corheoathetosis (right more then left side) and distonic postures of the limbs (left more then right side), high difficulties to mantain the head and the sitting position, walking was not possible, almost impossible prehension due to involuntary movements, cannot transfer objects, but can roll and crawl on the elbows, no sesitivity impairment. Cognitive and language aquisitions coresponding to 12-18 month old (QD~34±5) severe mental retardation (receptive language better than expresive language). Self-agressive behavior was accentuated by frustration and stress (fig 3). He cannot help himself, totally dependent on the mother. FIGURE 2. Thumb lession FIGURE 3. Self aggressive behavior Lab Exam: increased values of uric acid (in serum =10,72mg/dl, in urine -1136,485mg/24h). Mother had normal values of uric acid in serum (4,16 mg/dl) Nervous velocity studies, abdominal echography, cerebral MRI (figure 4) normal FIGURE 1. Lower lip lession

428 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXI, NR. 4, AN 2012 FIGURE 4. Cerebral MRI-Coronal T1 and T2 weighted imaging For the aggressive behavior we tried several drugs (neuroleptics, hypnotics, anti-depressives), S-Adenosil Methionine, behavioral therapy, restraint from self mutilation. For movement disorders we tried: L-dopa, Romparkin, Levetiracetam, neuroleptics. In our patient the treatment had no significant benefits. The evolution from 3 to 6 years old was without motor improvements, with some cognitive and vocabulary improvements (regarding the receptive language, the acquisitions are correspondent to the 30-33 month interval, and on the expressive level on 16-18 months). Based on clinical data and hyperuriceamia at this stage we had the suspicion of Lesch Nyhan disease. A genetic examination was performed that confirmed the diagnosis by identifying a hemizygous mutation c.508c>t in the exon 7 of HPRT-1 gene. The mutation results in forming a premature codon stop that leads to forming a trunked HPRT1 protein or a lowering of HPRT 1 ARNm. Before the genetic test,differential diagnosis was done at this stage easy with some leucodystrophies or metabolic disorders, as well as with cerebral palsy. Treatment was multidisciplinary and included first the control of the level of uric acid in serum with Allopurinol 5-10 mg/kg/day(2), in 2-3 doses, hydration and urinary alcalinization. There is no specific treatment for neurological impairment.patient received anti-spastic medication (Lioresal, Rivotril), Dysport, kinetotherapy for spasticity and swallowing problems. Prophylactic treatment The genetic testing of the mother was performed, which confirmed that she is the carrier of the genetic defect. Mother s sister was not carrying the defect, and the maternal grandmother, grandmother s sister and first degree cousins on mother side could not be tested. (fig 5) Genetic advice was given to the mother (50% risk for the male children to have the disease, 50% of the female children at risk to be carrier of the disease (9). It is recommended the amniocentesis in case of another pregnancy with male fetus, for genetic examination of the HPRT gene (10). Prognosis Prognosis is poor in this case, our patient having a classic severe form of the disease, totally dependent on another person for permanent care. Motor will never walk independently, and will never sit without help/wheelchair (11). TABLE 1. Differential diagnosis of the main caracteristics of the disease Extrapiramidal syndrome in young children Self mutilation behavior Congenital hiperuriceamia Cerebral palsy Stroke at the level of basal nuclei Encefallitis Trauma Tumoral formation of basal nuclei Calcifications of the basal nuclei Benign hereditary chorea Striatal bilateral necrosis Paelizeus-Merzbacher Disease Cockayne syndrome Leigh-Feigin-Wolf syndrome, aminoacidopaties, aciduria, glutaric aciduria type I, gliceric acidemia type D, sulfi toxidasis deffi ciency ± xantinoxidasis deffi ciency, propionic acidemia, homocistinuria, hiperphenilalaninemia, metilglutaconic aciduria type III Congenital Hereditary Sensitive Neuropathies (type II) Sensitive Hereditary Neuropathies type IV Congenital Insensitivity to pain Severe Mental Retardation Fosforibozilpirofosfatasis defi ciency Fosforibosilpirophosphat sintetasis hyperactivity Adenilosuccinatliasis (ASL) Deffi ciency Type I glicogenosis, or with muscle impairment type III, V, VII

REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXI, NR. 4, AN 2012 429 FIGURE 5. Patient s family tree Psychologically there are possible some progresses, but dysartria will remain, he can develop seizures, aspiration pneumonia. It will remain the risk of severe self-mutilation. In time, hyper-uriceamia can lead to nephrolithiasis, and, untreated, to obstructive uropathy and renal impairment with death, and that is why it is necessary a periodically follow up with echography (12). Patient can develop megaloblastic aneamia, and towards puberty, arthritis and symptoms of gout (13). Rarely possible but encountered in the literature are inexplicable coma episodes accompanying acute disease or sudden death. Death comes in the adult period, in the 3-5 decades of life (12). CONCLUSIONS In the clinical picture of a spastic-dyskinetic cerebral palsy with normal cerebral MRI can be hidden a metabolic disorder with genetic transmission and increased risk of recurrence, so a precise diagnosis is very important. The association of self-aggressive behavior is very suggestive for Lesch-Nyhan disease. Serum and urinary level of uric acid are simple elements to diagnose. Genetic confirmation is important for both patient and his family. Genetic advice is the prophylactic treatment of the disease. REFERENCES 1. Puig J.G., Torres R.J., Mateos F.A., Ramos T., Buno A.S., Arcas J. The spectrum of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency. Adv Exp Med Bio 2000, 486:15-21 2. Jinnah H.A. Lesch-Nyhan Disease, Medscape, 23 feb 2012 3. Lapucci C., Pomare Montin D., Pandolfo M., Bertelli M. Combination of linkage-study,and real time PCR methods for the diagnosis of the Lesch Nyhan Syndrome carriers in the case od deletions in HPRT gene. Mol Med 2006; 12(9-10):246-51 4. Torres R.J. & Puig J.G. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosiltransferase (HPRT) deficiency:lesch-nyhan syndrome. Orphanet J.Rare Dis., 48, 2007 5. Nyhan W.L. Dopamine function in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Environ Health Perspect 2000, 108(Suppl 3):409-411 6. Jinnah H.A., Friedmann T. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants. In: Scriver CR, Sly WS, Childs B, Beaudet AL, et al, eds. The Molecular and Metabolic Bases of Inherited Disease. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill; 2000:Chapter 107. 7. Ernst M., Zametkin A.J., Matochik J.A., Pascualvaca D., Jons P.H., Hardy C., Hankerson J.G., Doudet D.J., Cohen R.M. Presynaptic dopaminergic deficits in Lesch-Nyhan disease. New Engl J Med 1996, 334:1568-1572. 8. Fu R., Jinnah H.A. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Lesch-Nyhan Disease: Moving Beyond the Gene. J Biol Chem. Dec 7 2011; 9. Alford R.L., Redman J.B., O Brien W.E., et al. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: carrier and prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn. Apr 1995; 15(4):329-38. 10. Nyhan W.L., Vuong L.U., Broock R. Prenatal diagnosis of Lesch- Nyhan disease. Prenat Diagn. Oct 2003; 23(10):807-9 11. Jinnah H.A. et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain 129, 1201-1217 (2006) Jinnah HA, Visser JE, Harris JC, et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain. May 2006; 129(Pt 5):1201-17 12. Neychev V.K., Jinnah H.A. Sudden death in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Dev Med Child Neurol. Nov 2006; 48(11):923-6 13. Becker M.A., Roessler B.J. Hyperuricemia and gout. In The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease. 7th edition. New York, McGraw-Hill; 1995:1192