PREDISPOSING FACTORS AGAINST DISEASE (NUTRITION AND ANTI NUTRITION) EDITED BY PROF.DR.PRATIWI TS, MS, DRH,MS 1
metabolic diseases 1. Infectious Caused by microorganisms 2. Noninfectious Faulty nutrition Metabolic disorder Trauma Toxic substance Congenital defects Birth defects 2
DISEASES Risk Factors Animal Health Ireland 3
Colostrum First milk produced by dam after giving birth Immunoglobulin (antibody) rich Essential source of antibodies for newborn calves Newborn calves have no immunity Absorbed during first 6 hours Lines gut and protects it 4
The 3 Q s of Colostrum Feeding 1. Quantity 2. Quality 3. Quickly 5
Colostrum Quantity 2 litres within 6 hours In total 10 % of calf s birth weight with 12 hours Generally 3 to 6 litres 20 min suckling = 3 litres intake!! 6
Colostrum Quickly Antibody absorption decreases after birth and stops by 24hrs Antibody Absorption 7
parts of food which provide for growth, maintenance, body functions Carbohydrates (CHO) Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water 8
Depends on function of animal Pregnant, Lactating, Working, Growing How often to feed Depends on stomach size & rate of metabolism Stomach size is relevant to amount of feed fed Cows = 1-2 /day 9
Used to build muscle, body tissue Made of amino acids Ruminants can make some proteins by self Simple Stomachs need specific amino acids Natural elements which regulate certain body functions Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn, Mo, Se, I, Co Most are trace minerals Protein Minerals 1. 10
Nutritional Calf Scour If calves are bucket fed ensure: Regular feeding times Milk substitute is fed at correct strength & temperature Correct positioning of feed buckets Buckets are thoroughly cleaned after use Feeding through a teat can help 11
How Infectious Agents Cause Calf Scour 1. Agents attacks gut wall. 2. Gut cannot absorb milk 3. Scour 4. Dehydration 5. Collapse / prolonged recovery 12
Early Diagnosis is Important Take a dung sample o So appropriate treatment can be started and losses saved o Cause has often disappeared by the time you go to look for it, although damage is done and symptoms remain 13
Treatment of Calf Scours 1. Rehydration Manage milk intake Alternate electrolyte and milk feeds (4 per day) Intravenous fluids if very weak 2. Antibacterials etc to combat agents Consult Vet 3. Isolate, dry bedding & heat lamp 14
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Substances generated in natural feedstuff by a normal metabolism Inactivation some nutritions, diminution of digestive process which excert effect contrary to optimum nutrition ANF is not an intrinsic characteristic of compound nutrition but depends upon the digestive process of ingesting animals Tripsin inhibitors which is ANF for monogastric but not in ruminant because have degraded in the rumen 16
Non protein amino acid similar to tyrosine (Mimosa, Leucaena) Level in the leaf is about 2 6 % and varies with season and maturity Toxicity in ruminant poor growth, loss of hair and fall, lameless, mouth and oesophagel lesions Depressed of thyroxine levels and goiter Showed as Zn deficiency Reduction of calving percentage 17
Glycoside of sugars Cyanida containing cyanogens Susceptible to CN toxicity in ruminan than non ruminans HCN absorbed and rapidly detoxified in trhe liver by the enzymes Death follows rapidly 18
The more important toxins affecting animal feeding are those associated with molds These are called mycotoxins Three important genera are Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium They exist and grow anywhere as long as there is enough COH substrate, no less than 14% moisture, adequate temperature, oxygen Usually produced in feedstuffs prior to harvest, but also result from poor storage 19
Aflatoxin is the mycotoxin of greatest concern in feeding of culture species Both outright toxic and carcinogenic Liver (hepatoma) and blood clotting problems Rainbow trout are highly sensitive at 1 ug/kg exposure Traditionally, sources include corn, cottonseed and peanuts Aflatoxin contamination varies year to year 20
These are compounds produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium molds. widely found in nature Typically associated with kidney toxicity Toxic level is 4.7 mg/kg in diet Most mold toxins also destroy nutrients in feeds example: Pseudomonas can separate glutamic acid from folic acid, making it ineffective 21
Phytic acid is an organic molecule related to inositol integral component of plant feedstuffs and holds 60-70% of the phosphorus problem is, it s poorly available to fish reduces availability of zinc Gossypol is a component of pigment lands in the cotton plant limits availability of cottonseed meal used in feeds (suppresses growth rate and causes liver damage) 22
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PENYAKIT METABOLIK DEFISIENSI VITAMIN DAN MINERAL Disiapkan oleh Prof.Dr.Pratiwi Ts, drh,ms 25
POULTRY FEEDING Vitamin requirements: A- Vitamin A: Liberal supply of vit.a or carotene is needed for normal growth & health. Def. Symptoms: retardation of growth, emaciation, staggering gait & ruffled feathers, reduced immunity Sources: fish liver oils & other animal sources. 26
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POULTRY DEFICIENCY Vitamin A Emaciation, feathers fall Reduction of HD, decrease of hatchability Retarded growth Vitamin A Ataxia Pale Shanks, moist eyes B 1 thyamin paralysis Dark colour of Comb Respiratinon system disturb 29 tim epid- nutrition -2 4/3/2017
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Metabolic & Deficiency Diseases Milk Fever Also called: Hypocalcemia Parturient paresis Downer cow syndrome Non-febrile Affects: Dairy, beef, sheep, goats Caused by: Acute deficiency of Ca Results in: Paralysis Circulatory collapse Coma Death 6% incidence rate in dairy cattle Occurs within 24 hrs of calving 35
Caused by: Acute deficiency of Ca Results in: Paralysis Circulatory collapse Coma Death 6% incidence rate in dairy cattle Occurs within 24 hrs of calving Incidence increases with milk production and age Some susceptibility differences between dairy breeds Sub clinical hypocalcemia rates can affect 50% of dairy cows Leads to: Ketosis Decreased reproductive efficiency Decreased milk production in that lactation 36
Rare in beef cattle Goats similar incidence rate to dairy Cause Initiation of lactation causes severe outflow of Ca Ca interacts with other minerals in the blood Incidence may be influenced by levels of: Mg, K, P, estrogen levels, Acid-base balance Feeding high Ca diets prior to parturition Cow doesn t adapt to mobilizing own Ca reserves Hypoglycemia in Newborn Pigs Called baby pig disease, or 3 day pig disease Low blood sugar levels 37
Prevention Good nutritional management practices in the preparturient period Acidification of the diet Ketosis Occurs in gestating or lactating cattle Most frequently happens in first 6 wks after calving Very often affects first-calf heifers, or older cows Excessive amounts of ketone bodies found in urine, blood, milk Also called: Acetonemia, hypoglycemia Similar to pregnancy disease in ewes Cause Nutritional origin characterized by low blood sugar 38
Can be handled for brief periods, but excessive time spent mobilizing own fat reserves results in ketosis Can use a Keto Stick to test urine for ketone bodies Clinical Signs Rapid weight loss Loss of appetite Acetone smell on the breath Nervousness Grass Tetany Occurs in cattle & sheep grazing on lush pastures Hypomagnesia (low blood Mg), sometimes accompanied by hypocalcemia High levels of N and K combine to inhibit Mg absorption Cause Common in pastures early in the spring (within first 2-3 weeks of grazing) 39
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