EFFECTS OF BADMINTON SPECIFIC CIRCUIT TRAINING ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF BADMINTON PLAYERS AUTHOR

PP: 85-98 R. Paper 12 V2/I -I/ Design: Experimental Received on Aug 2015 - Reviewed on Sept 2015 EFFECTS OF BADMINTON SPECIFIC CIRCUIT TRAINING ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF BADMINTON PLAYERS AUTHOR *Dr. Minakshi Pathak **Dean Physical Education, Sri Satya Sai University of Technology & Medical Sciences Seho(M.P)India ABSTRACT Thirty subjects were randomly selected from badminton match practice group from Bhopal. The age group of the subjects selected for the study was 20±3 years. The subjects were divided into two groups (experimental and control) at random, each consisting of fifteen subjects. understanding of the problem various physiological variables were selected I;e, Resting Heart Rate, Resting Respiratory Rate, Vital Capacity, Positive Breath Holding Capacity. The statistical design for the study was pre post randomized group design. Lastly there was a significant difference also found in relation to positive breath holding capacity which might be due to the participating in rigorous cardiovascular activity in the form of Circuit Training. As it has been accepted by several studies, that exercising is a great way to increase lung capacities, which also include the Positive Breath Holding Capacity. So it can be concluded that Badminton Specific Circuit Training can be the contributing factor for the coaches to plan appropriate loads and maximizing the performance of Badminton players. INTRODUCTION Badminton is highly complex sport and this presents great challenges for players and coaches of all levels. An individual rally is a series demanding movements performed using a movement pattern which is unique compared with any other sport. Rally length is often short (average for elite players is around 6-8 seconds) and, consequently, performed at very high intensity. However players must also be prepared for long rallies. Rallies are interspersed with short rest periods (typical duration around 15 seconds) which allow partial recovery from previous rally. However, competitive matches may last at least 45 minutes. So, badminton is a combination of speed (anaerobic fitness) in rallies and endurance (aerobic fitness) to allow sustained efforts and to promote recovery between rallies. Great strength, power, agility and flexibility are also required. All 85

of these fitness components should form part of a player s fitness training. Additionally, the development of tactical and technical elements is, of course, also vital. With all of these types of training, an understanding of the principles of fitness training from a general point of view is essential (1). The game is characterized by a great intermittent exercise, notably with the use of both aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism. However, it is suggested that the prevailing energy demand in a rally is the alactic anaerobic metabolism. Concerning badminton athletes physical characteristics, several factors contribute to the success in the sport, including technique and tactics, psychological preparation and game strategy (2). It is a sport modality which requires both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems and such characteristic is directly related to both short and long rallies, as well as game duration. Badminton athletes must have great physical capacity, especially speed and aerobic strength and power. Footwork plays an important role in the game of badminton. These footwork approaches might be underestimated by some, but these are very important in playing the game. Good footwork helps the player reach the shuttle early. Badminton is a fast game, thus it is very important that its players have a good foot movements so they can straight forwardly respond in each shot they are about to make. The players should play their shots as fast as they can so they won t allow the shuttlecock to drop in their area. It has been established that no single variable measures physical fitness, which a composite factor is varying with each sport. Badminton at the elite level requires a combination of the aerobic and anaerobic systems and the involvement of these systems depends on the nature of the rally (short or long) and the duration of the game (short set or long match)(3) Apart from the demands of high levels of technical skill and mental acuity, essential requirements for badminton fitness include stamina, speed, endurance, strength, and physical agility (4). Playing badminton requires stamina, strength and exceptional racket skills to keep pace with the action and to maximize the power and efficiency of the strikes. Circuit training can be beneficial for badminton game by improving cardiovascular conditioning, endurance and muscle strength, according to the Badminton Association of England (5). Human physiology is the study of the functioning of the normal body, and is responsible for describing how various systems of the human body work (6). Various physiological changes in the human body may be brought by different types of conditioning programmes such as jogging, calisthenics and circuit training etc; these activities bring changes in certain physiological parameters if they are carried out for certain duration of time. Now a days, field of exercise physiology has become increasingly sophisticated, new researches procedure and measurement techniques coupled with advances in equipment, computer technology, and other related 86

disciplines such as biochemistry have contributed to the rapid advancement of knowledge base. Exercise biochemistry involves examination of the effects of the exercise physiology is becoming increasingly specialized, many professionals in this field recognize that to fully investigate and understand human performance an interdisciplinary approach is necessary. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to submaximal exercise training in the thoroughbred horse. As a result, for a standard amount of exercise the oxygen uptake, heart rate (HR) and aeteriovenous oxygen content difference were measured and there is a significant increase after the training (7). Vital capacity and total lung capacity are related to body size and vary approximately as the cube of linear dimensions such as body weight, upto the age of twenty five. The individual dimensions are, however, not exclusively decreased for the size of the lung volumes. The lung volumes are about 10% smaller in women than in men of same age and size. Training during adolescence will eventually increase the vital capacity and the lung capacity. After the age of about 30, the residual volume and functioning residual capacity increase and the vital capacity usually decreased (8). Now-a-days specific training has been playing a predominant role with emergence of different methods having sustained scientific knowledge for outstanding achievements in various levels of competition. The sportsman is able to achieve a high level of performance by concentrating on major areas like physical power, physiological efficiencies, psychological development, and application of biomechanics and environment adjustments (9). Training is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills to enhance the performance of trainee. Through training an individual can develop his fitness and required movements of the game. Circuit training is also a well known method to improve fitness. Training is a process by which an athlete is prepared for the highest level of performance possible. The ability of a coach to direct the optimization of performance is achieved through the development of systematic training plans that drawn upon knowledge garnered from a vast array of scientific disciplines (10). Circuit resistance training (CRT) consists of resistance exercises performed in series, with one set executed per exercise. A prescribed number of circuits are then completed for each training session. Circuit training is a general term used that describes training where different exercises are performed at high intensity for quite short periods, followed by quite short rest periods. Circuit training is excellent for badminton fitness as it can be used to increase muscle strength, endurance and aerobic fitness. Circuit training can be performed using weight training exercises or by using one s own body weight to create a resistance. Additionally, movement drills (sprints, shadow play etc.) could be adapted to form a part or the whole of a circuit training session. Typical work duration would 87

be 30 seconds, with an intervening rest period of 30 seconds. With a range of exercises (jumps, sprints, court drills, weights, sit-ups, press-ups) many different activities can be performed one after the other to form a whole circuit training session which could last around 20 minutes or more. It is an efficient and challenging form of conditioning. It works well for developing strength, endurance (both aerobic and anaerobic), flexibility and coordination. Circuit training is based on the premise that the athlete must do the same amount of work in a shorter period of time or must do considerably more work within the limits of an assigned training period (11). Therefore, the consideration should also be given to physical and physiological fitness along with skill and tactics, which can be enhanced through various types training. One of the good ways to improve fitness is circuit training. Therefore, in the present study the researcher intends to see the effects of badminton specific circuit training on certain physiological variables, endurance along with the performance in badminton players. METHODOLOGY SELECTION OF SUBJECTS Thirty subjects were randomly selected from badminton match practice group from Bhopal. The age group of the subjects selected for the study was 20±3 years. The subjects were divided into two groups (experimental and control) at random, each consisting of fifteen subjects. SELECTION OF VARIABLES On the basis of review of literature, expert s opinion, facilities and instruments availability and scholar s own understanding of the problem various physiological variables were selected. Resting Heart Rate. Resting Respiratory Rate. Vital Capacity. Positive Breath Holding Capacity. CRITERION MEASURE Resting heart rate: To measure the resting heart rate, total number of heart beats per minute was recorded. Vital Capacity: To measure the lungs capacity of the performer wet spirometer was used and was recorded in liters. Resting Respiratory Rate: Total number of inhalations per minute was recorded. 88

Positive Breath Holding Capacity: To measure the breath holding capacity, nose clip and stopwatch were used and was recorded in seconds. STATISTICAL DESIGN The statistical design for the study was pre post randomized group design. ADMINISTRATION OF TESTS & COLLECTION OF DATA All the subjects in the present study were tested on the selected criteria of physiological parameters. The entire tests were demonstrated and explained to the subjects by the scholar. After the pre-test, at random they were assigned to any of the two groups i.e. the experimental and control groups. The training was given in a progressive manner. A sample of the training program is presented in the Appendix-1. After six weeks of training program, the groups were again administered the test in the same parameters as they were tested during pre test stage and the data were also collected as done during the pre test stage. The training program for the experimental groups was for a period of 40 minutes, three times a week. After six-week of the circuit training program the tests were administered on the same parameters as they were tested during pre-test stage. The data was collected by administering the tests for the selected variables. Prior to the administration of the tests the subjects were given a chance to practice the prescribed tests so the subjects made themselves familiar with the test. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE One way analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) for significance of the differences between means was employed for the data analysis. The level of significance was set at 0.05. FINDINGS TABLE-1 Descriptive Statistics for Resting Heart-rate 89

Treatment group Mean Std. Deviation N Experimental 59.4000 2.26148 15 Control 60.7333 4.97805 15 Total 60.0667 3.85901 30 Table 1 reveals the descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation for Experimental Group were 59.4000±2.26148 and for Controlled Group were 60.7333±4.97805 respectively. RESTING HEART RATE Experimental Control 59.4 60.73 2.26 4.97 1 2 Figure 1: Mean and S.D. Comparison in Post Resting Heart Rate Between Experimental and Control Groups. TABLE-2 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Resting Heart Rate Post Source Type III Sum Mean of Squares Df Square F Sig. Hr pre 389.654 1 389.654 364.292.000 Tg 6.038 1 6.038 5.645.025 Error 28.880 27 1.070 Total 108672.000 30 90

1 A Bi-Annual International Research journal Corrected Total 431.867 29 * Level of significance 0.05 ** Tab F 4.18 The above table shows that significant difference was found between experimental and controlled groups in case of resting heart-rate as the calculated value (5.645) was greater than tabulated value (4.18) at.05 level of significance with 1, 29 degree of freedom. TABLE : 3 - Descriptive Statistics for Resting Respiratory Rate treatment group Mean Std. Deviation N Experimental 12.2000 1.47358 15 Control 13.9333 1.38701 15 Total 13.0667 1.65952 30 Table 3 reveals the descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation for Experimental Group were 12.2000.±1.47358 and for Controlled Group were 60.7333±4.97805 respectively. RESTING REPIRATORY RATE 12.2 Experimental 13.93 Control 1.47 1.38 1 2 Figure 2: Mean and S.D. Comparison in Post Resting Respiratory Rate Between Experimental and Control Groups. 91

TABLE-4 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Resting Respiratory Rate Post Source Type III Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Rr pre 41.262 1 41.262 69.323.000 Tg 8.315 1 8.315 13.969.001 Error 16.071 27.595 Total 5202.000 30 Corrected Total 79.867 29 * Level of significance 0.05 ** Tab F 4.18 Above table shows that there was significant difference found between Experimental and Controlled Groups in case of resting respiratory-rate as the calculated value (13.969) was greater than tabulated value (4.18) at.05 level of significance with 1, 29 degree of freedom. TABLE-5 Descriptive Statistics for Vital Capacity Dependent Variable: Vital Capacity Post Treatment group Mean Std. Deviation N Experimental 3.8267.59698 15 Control 3.7200.41782 15 Total 3.7733.50918 30 92

Table 5 reveals the descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation for Experimental Group were 3.8267±0.59698 and for Controlled Group were 3.7200±0.41782 respectively. VITAL CAPACITY Experimental Control 3.82 3.72 0.59 0.41 Mean S.D. Figure 3 Mean And S.D. Comparison in Post Resting Vital Capacity Between Experimental and Control Groups. TABLE-6 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Vital Capacity Post Source Type III Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Vc pre 7.368 1 7.368 3030.588.000 Tg.048 1.048 19.884.000 Error.066 27.002 Total 434.660 30 Corrected Total 7.519 29 * Level of significance 0.05 ** Tab F 4.18 93

Above table shows that there was significant difference found between Experimental and Controlled Group in case of vital capacity as the calculated value (19.884) was greater than tabulated value (4.18) at.05 level of significance with 1, 29 degree of freedom. TABLE-7 Descriptive Statistics Positive Breath Holding Capacity Dependent Variable: Positive Breath Holding capacity Post treatment group Mean Std. Deviation N Experimental 85.7627 25.20106 15 Control 65.9087 10.77022 15 Total 75.8357 21.55317 30 Table 7 reveals the descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation for Experimental Group were 85.7627±25.20106 and for Controlled Group were 65.9087±10.77022 respectively. POSITIVE BREATH HOLDING CAPACITY 85.76 Experimental 65.9 Control 25.2 10.77 Mean S.D. Figure 4 Mean and S.D. Comparison in Post Positive Breath Holding Capacity Between Experimental and Control Groups. 94

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Positive Breath Holding capacity Post Source Type III Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Bh pre 6686.807 1 6686.807 47.158.000 Tg 1022.810 1 1022.810 7.213.012 Error 3828.467 27 141.795 Total 186003.083 30 Corrected Total 13471.633 29 * Level of significance 0.05 * *Tab F 4.18 TABLE-8 Above table shows that there was significant difference found between Experimental and Controlled Group in case of Breath Holding Capacity as the calculated value (19.884) was greater than tabulated value (4.18) at.05 level of significance with 1, 29 degree of freedom. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Circuit resistance training is a form of exercise programming in which a series of exercise stations are sequentially performed one set per station for a prescribed number of circuits. The cardiorespiratory benefits of CRT have been reported in several studies to exceed conventional resistance training protocols (11). The results of this study revealed that there was a significance difference between experimental and controlled group in relation to Resting Heart-rate. This may be attributed to the circuit training which involves performing several exercises back-to-back with little rest in between, each it tends to promote a greater cardiovascular response. 95

It might be also due to the reason that the heart rate can decrease markedly as a result of endurance training. The actual mechanism responsible for this decrease is not entirely known, but training appears to increase parasympathetic activity in heart while decreasing sympathetic activity. Similar findings have also been found in heart rate and blood pressure changes with endurance training by Wilmore et al (2001) (12). The results has been also supported by Babalola (2011)(13). Results of the study revealed significant difference in vital capacity between Experimental and Controlled Groups. It might be due to the long term effects of circuit training exercises which helped in improving the efficiency of the respiration by strengthening the diaphragm and intercostals muscles (two important breathing-related muscles) and up-regulating the total number of alveoli (the tiny sacs at the terminal end of your pulmonary system where gas exchange occurs) which has increased the vital capacity (the amount of air you can forcibly exhale after a deep breath in) and an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to your body and CO2 removed. The results are also supported by Devries et al (1970) (14). In case of Resting Respiratory rate there was a significant difference too between Experimental and Controlled Groups, which might be attributed to the circuit training which was given to players regularly and it has initiated the long-term changes in their respiratory system, which had an impact on their breathing rate after exercise. Over the time, physical activity has strengthened their muscles involved with respiration. The composition of lungs has also change to increase the area for gas exchange. These effects meant that their bodies have become more efficient. These have manifested itself in a lower breathing rate both during and after exercise. Because the body could better deliver oxygen to its cells, it does not have to work as hard. After training, the respiratory rate is usually lowered at rest and during standardized submaximal exercise. This reduction is small and probably reflects greater pulmonary efficiency caused by training. However, respiratory rate is generally increased at maximal level of exercise following training. The results are in consonance with Casaburi et al (1997)(15). Lastly there was a significant difference also found in relation to positive breath holding capacity which might be due to the participating in rigorous cardiovascular activity in the form of Circuit Training. As it has been accepted by several studies, that exercising is a great way to increase lung capacities, which also include the Positive Breath Holding Capacity. 96

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