A Abuse, topical steroids Africa perspective adverse effects, 230 allergic dermatitis, 233, 234 bleaching creams, 229, 230 complications, 230 Cushing syndrome, 234, 235 dyschromia, 233, 234 gluteal granuloma infantum, 234 hypertrichosis, 234 pustulosis psoriasis and the dermocorticoids, 234 235 skin atrophy, 233, 234 skin infections, 230 232 striae distensae, 232 233 Australian perspective atopic dermatitis, 238 attitudes and behaviour, 239 240 eczema, 238 guidelines, 238 overuse, 238 239 research, 238 use, 237 238 in Bangladesh bleaching effects, 201 cosmetics, 201 creams, 201 effect and potency, 198 grades, 198 improper and wrong use, 201 misuse, 200 side effects/adverse effects, 198 202 use for, 197, 198 clinical manifestations, 133 cosmetic cream epidemiology, 130 131 response, 133 134 education, 304 epidemiology of, 130 131 fairness craze, 302 303 dermatologists, 304 governmental agencies, 305 industry, 305 non-dermatologists, 304 paramedical staff, 304 305 patients and public, 305 307 hidden danger, 132 imbricated tinea, 324 Indian perspective, 180 awareness campaign, 183 184 effects, 183 face, side effects, 182 historical aspects, 180 indications, misuse, 181 less-known cutaneous side effects, 183 magnitude, 181 182 measurement, 186 misuse, reasons, 180 ocular complications, 183 over the counter drugs, 180 population, 181 sales, 181 side effects, 182 stages, misuse, 180 181 studies on, 185 systemic side effects, 183 task force, 184 185 treatment, 186 types, 181 Japanese perspective advocacy, 226 atopic dermatitis, Japanese Dermatological Association Guidelines, 226 doctors prescription, 224 Internet use, 227 lawsuit, 225 media and topical steroid use, 225 medical malpractice claims, 225 226 NHI system and drug price margins influence, 224 225 overservicing, 224 over the counter drugs, 223, 226 precautions, over the counter topical steroids, 223 224 lupus vulgaris, 322 Majocchi s granuloma, 321, 324 malassezia folliculitis, 321 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 K. Lahiri (ed.), A Treatise on Topical Corticosteroids in Dermatology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4609-4 325
326 Abuse, topical steroids(cont.) menacing proportions, 301 in Middle East, 206 adult population, 206 207 education, 207 pediatric population, 206 pigmentary disorders, 207 prescription, 207 in Nepal, 190 191 disease distribution, 194 facial dermatosi, 194, 195 over the counter drugs, 191 patient perspective, 191 significant amount, 195 steroid-induced dermatosis, 191 193 steroids, 194 tinea incognito, 192 194 procedural techniques acne and acneiform eruptions, 278 280 telangiectasia and steroid-induced rosacea, 280 psoriasis Koebnerizing, 322 regulatory aspects Africa, jungle of law, 288 blanket ban, 287 COOT cocktail, 286 drug control authorities, 284 European Union legislation, 288 fairness, misuse of steroid creams, 287 fixed drug combinations, 284 imitators, 286 287 Indian drug regulation scene, 284 285 irrational steroid, plethora of, 285 286 menace, 288 point of sale, 288 price control angle, 287 schedule H tragedy and legislation, 285 response, 133 134 side effects and management, 278 Southeast Asia, 210 acneiform eruptions, 213, 215 216 adverse reactions, 221 axillary regions, 212 Cushing s syndrome, 221 factors, 210 211 fungal infections, 217 219 furunculosis and folliculitis, 217, 219, 220 guidelines, 221 inner arms, striae, 212 perilesional hypopigmentation, 217, 220 perioral dermatitis, 213, 217 potency, 221 psoriasis teenage, 211 psoriatic Indonesian patient, 212 psoriatic Singaporean patient, 211 skin atrophy, 212, 215 telangiectasia, 212, 214 tinea faciei, 322, 323 topical steroid-induced striae, 323 TSDF, 302 Index ulceration, 322, 324 widespread tinea, 323 Acne, 231, 233, 278 280 Acneiform eruption abuse Africa, 231, 232 Nepal, 193 Southeast Asia, 213, 215 216 adverse effects, 113 management, procedural techniques, 278 280 topical side effects, 255 TSDF, 141 Addiction, 123, 133, 148, 262, 284. See also Topical corticosteroid addiction (TCA) Addison s disease, 4 ADR. See Adverse drug reaction (ADR) Adrenocortical insufficiency, 312 Adverse drug reaction (ADR), 19 20, 292 Africa, topical steroid abuse adverse effects, 230 allergic dermatitis, 233, 234 bleaching creams, 229, 230 complications, 230 Cushing syndrome, 234, 235 dyschromia, 233, 234 gluteal granuloma infantum, 234 hypertrichosis, 234 pustulosis psoriasis and the dermocorticoids, 234 235 skin atrophy, 233, 234 skin infections, 230 232 striae distensae, 232 233 AIBDs. See Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBDs) Allergic contact dermatitis, 145, 233, 234 Alopecia areata, 65, 103 intralesional steroids, 103 104 topical corticosteroids, 104 Alopecia areata (AA), 32 33 Androgenetic alopecia, 105 Anogenital pruritus, 65 Antifungal shampoos, 102 104 Arciform lesions, 154 155 Atopic dermatitis (AD) dermatological indications and usage, 28 29 eczematous lesion of, 111 Japanese Dermatological Association Guidelines, 226 phobia, 268 rational use, 120 research, 238 RSS, 170 Atrophogenecity, 166 Atrophy alopecia areata, intralesional steroids, 103 genital dermatosis, 165 side effects, 253 254 dermal atrophy, 254 epidermal atrophy, 254 purpura and easy bruisability, 254 stellate pseudoscars, 254 255
striae, 254 telangiectasia, 254 TSDF, 146 Australia, TCS use and overuse atopic dermatitis, 238 attitudes and behaviour, 239 240 eczema, 238 guidelines, 238 overuse, 238 239 research, 238 use, 237 238 Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBDs), 92 adrenal suppression, 97 bullous pemphigoid, 93 evidence, 93 94 guidelines, 94 95 international management, 95 EBA, 97 linear IgA disease, 97 MMP, 96 pemphigoid gestationis, 96 97 pharmacology chemical structure, 92 mechanism of action, 92 93 PV and PF, 95 96 side effects, 97 98 Autoimmune dermatoses, 83 Awareness, 318 319 B Bacterial infections, 217, 231, 232, 256 257 Balanitis xerotica obliterans, 162 163 Balanoposthitis, 161 162 Bangladesh, topical corticosteroid abuse bleaching effects, 201 cosmetics, 201 creams, 201 effect and potency, 198 grades, 198 improper and wrong use, 201 misuse, 200 side effects/adverse effects, 198 202 use for, 197, 198 Betamethasone, 6, 13 Betnovate C, 287 Black Triangle Drugs, 293 Blistering diseases adrenal suppression, 97 bullous pemphigoid, 93 evidence, 93 94 guidelines, 94 95 international management, 95 EBA, 97 linear IgA disease, 97 MMP, 96 pemphigoid gestationis, 96 97 pharmacology chemical structure, 92 mechanism of action, 92 93 PV and PF, 95 96 side effects, 97 98 Blistering disorders, 33 34 Blue card, 239 Breastfeeding, 26 27, 88, 89 Bullous pemphigoid (BP), 93 evidence, 93 94 experimental model, 92 guidelines, 94 95 international management, 95 randomized controlled trials, 63 Burns, 35 327 C Calcineurin inhibitors, 166 Candida albicans, 257 Candidial balanoposthitis, 161 162 Cayenne pepper spots, 162 Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), 106 Chemical peel, 279, 281 Children, pediatric age group, 110 111 adverse effects, 113 114 measurement, 115 misuse of, 114 115 use of, 111 113 Cicatricial alopecias, 105 106 Circumcision, 166 CLE. See Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) Clobetasol-ofloxacin-ornidazole and terbinafine (COOT) cocktail, 286 Clobetasol propionate (CP), 82, 92, 93, 106 Clocortolone pivalate, 6 Committee on the Safety of Medicines (CSM), 293 Compound F. See Hydrocortisone Contact dermatitis (CD), 30 Contact hypersensitivity, 165 166 Contact sensitization, 257 258 COOT cocktail. See Clobetasol-ofloxacin-ornidazole and terbinafine (COOT) cocktail Corporis, 153 Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), 82 Cortisol, 13, 26, 27, 83, 172, 176, 252, 271 Cortisone, 3, 4, 172 Cosmetics abuse epidemiology, 130 131 response, 133 134 popularity, TCS, 131 132 Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 294 Counselling, 115 Cream, 18 19, 102, 119 Crusted scabies, 232 Cushing s syndrome, 221, 234, 235, 244, 312 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), 33, 65 Cutaneous sarcoidosis, 36, 63 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), 62
328 D Delayed wound healing, 258 Demodex folliculorum, 256 Dermal atrophy, 182, 254 Dermatoses, 4, 6, 88, 89, 113, 118, 160, 256 Dermocorticoids, 234 235 Discoid lupus, 106 Double-edged tinea, 154 Drug price margin, 224 225 Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 285 Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement) Act, 302 Drug withdrawal syndrome, 238 239 Dumbbell-shaped large annular lesions, 154 155 Dyschromia, 233, 234 E Eczema, 238 randomized controlled trials, 43 50 systematic review, 43 EPDS. See Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp (EPDS) Epidermal atrophy, 254 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), 97 Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp (EPDS), 106 Erysipelas, 233 Erythema, 18, 113, 139, 199 Ethics issues beneficence vs. autonomy, 75 76 non-malfeasance, 75 patient autonomy, 75 truth telling, 75 use of amount, frequency, and duration, 77 corticosteroid allergy, being aware of, 77 diagnosis, 76 effective communication, 77 78 exit strategy, 77 molecule and delivery system, 76 patient, 76 77 prevention and modifiable factors, focusing, 77 European Medicines Agency (EMA), 293 Europe, pharmacovigilance, 293 Evidence based approach bullous pemphigoid, 63 cutaneous sarcoidosis, 63 eczema, 43 50 hand eczema, 63 64 infantile hemangiomas, 64 lichen planus, 60 62 miscellaneous conditions, 65 mycosis fungoides, 62 63 pregnancy and lactation, 65 psoriasis, 53 60 vitiligo, 50 52 F Fetal growth restriction, 84 Fingertip unit (FTU) method, 77, 111, 120, 224 Fluocinolone acetonide, 5, 103 105 Fluorinated agents, 4 5 9α-Fluorohydrocortisone acetate, 4 Folliculitis, 104, 217, 219, 220 Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), 106 FTU method. See Fingertip unit (FTU) method Fungal infections, 217 219 Furunculosis, 217, 219, 220 G Gels, 19, 102, 119 Genital dermatosis atrophy, 165 calcineurin inhibitors, 166 circumcision, 166 contact hypersensitivity, 165 166 genitocrural region, microenvironment balanitis xerotica obliterans, 162 163 balanoposthitis, 161 162 females, 160 161 genital pruritus, 164 LSA, 162 male, 160 plasma cell balanitis/zoon s balanitis, 162 plasma cell vulvitis, 163 pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous and keratotic balanitis, 163 vulvar lichen sclerosus atrophicus, 163 164 side effects, 164 165 Genital pruritus, 164 Genitocrural region, microenvironment balanitis xerotica obliterans, 162 163 balanoposthitis, 161 162 females, 160 161 genital pruritus, 164 LSA, 162 male, 160 plasma cell balanitis/zoon s balanitis, 162 plasma cell vulvitis, 163 pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous and keratotic balanitis, 163 vulvar lichen sclerosus atrophicus, 163 164 Gluteal granuloma infantum, 234 Granulomatous diseases, 36 Great Depression, 2, 3 H Haemangiomas, 34 Hair and scalp disorders alopecia areata, 103 intralesional steroids, 103 104 topical corticosteroids in, 104 androgenetic alopecia, 105 categories, 102 cicatricial alopecias, 105 106 EPDS, 106 formulations, 102 103 polyamide, 106 polymeric nanocarriers, 106 scalp psoriasis, 104 105 seborrhoeic dermatitis, 104 Index
Hand eczema, 30, 63 64 Herpetic balanitis, 161 162 Hirsutism, 141, 142, 280 281 HPA axis. See Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Human vasoconstriction assay, 7, 14 Hydrocolloid dressing, 31 Hydrocortisone, 3 5, 25, 30, 35, 87, 92, 130, 138, 163, 239, 252, 262, 284, 310 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD), 26, 82, 83, 172, 176 Hyperglycemia, 246 Hyperlipidemia, 246 Hyperpigmentation, 75, 132, 144, 193, 233 Hypertension, 246 Hypertrichosis, 234, 255, 280 281 Hypertrophic scars, 35 Hypopigmentation, 103, 144, 157, 182 Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, 244, 245 I Iatrogenic Cushing s syndrome, 244, 245 ICH. See International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Idiopathic urticaria, chronic, 35 ILS. See Intralesional steroid (ILS) Imbricated tinea, 324 India regulatory aspects blanket ban, 287 COOT cocktail, 286 drug control authorities, 284 European Union legislation, 288 fairness, misuse of steroid creams, 287 fixed drug combinations, 284 imitators, 286 287 Indian drug regulation scene, 284 285 irrational steroid, plethora of, 285 286 menace, 288 point of sale, 288 price control angle, 287 schedule H tragedy and legislation, 285 topical steroid abuse, 180 awareness campaign, 183 184 effects, 183 face, side effects, 182 historical aspects, 180 indications, misuse, 181 less-known cutaneous side effects, 183 magnitude, 181 182 measurement, 186 misuse, reasons, 180 ocular complications, 183 population, 181 sales, 181 side effects, 182 stages, misuse, 180 181 studies on, 185 systemic side effects, 183 task force, 184 185 treatment, 186 types, 181 Infantile hemangiomas, 64 Infestations, 257 Inflammatory dermatoses, 83 Intense pulsed light (IPL), 280 International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), 294 International Topical Steroid Addiction Network (ITSAN), 312 313 associations, 313 314 fixed drug combinations, 310 mission, 313 newsletter, 314 315 RSS, 313 Intertrigo, 34 Intralesional steroid (ILS), 28, 35 ITSAN. See International Topical Steroid Addiction Network (ITSAN) J Japan pharmacovigilance, 293 topical steroid abuse advocacy, 226 atopic dermatitis, Japanese Dermatological Association Guidelines, 226 doctors prescription, 224 Internet use, 227 lawsuit, 225 media and topical steroid use, 225 medical malpractice claims, 225 226 NHI system and drug price margins influence, 224 225 overservicing, 224 over the counter drugs, 223, 226 precautions, over the counter topical steroids, 223 224 K Keloid, 35 Keratinocyte, 18, 105, 172, 254 Keratotic balanitis, 163 Ketoconazole, 104 Kligman formula, 132, 148, 181, 185 L Labial adhesion, 34 35 Lactation pros and cons of bioavailability, 88 hydrocortisone, 87 preparation, potency ranking, 88 safety of, 88 89 randomized controlled trials, 65 Langerhans cells, 16 Laser therapy, 281 Leucotrichia, 112 Lichen planus (LP), 32 hypertrophicus, 112 randomized controlled trials, 60 62 well-defined violaceous plaque of, 112 Lichen sclerosus, 35, 166 329
330 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA), 162 Lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), 30 Linear IgA disease, 97 Lotion, 19, 102, 119 LSA. See Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) Lupus vulgaris, 322 Lymphocytic microfolliculitis, 105 M Majocchi s granuloma, 257, 321, 324 Malassezia folliculitis, 321 Male genital dermatophytosis, 155 156 Marker degradation, 3 Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), 293 MedWatch, 293 Melasma, 35, 65 Metabolic disorders, 246 Microenvironment, genitocrural region balanitis xerotica obliterans, 162 163 balanoposthitis, 161 162 females, 160 161 genital pruritus, 164 LSA, 162 male, 160 plasma cell balanitis/zoon s balanitis, 162 plasma cell vulvitis, 163 pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous and keratotic balanitis, 163 vulvar lichen sclerosus atrophicus, 163 164 Middle East, topical corticosteroid use, 206 adult population, 206 207 education, 207 pediatric population, 206 pigmentary disorders, 207 prescription, 207 Minoxidil, 105 MMP-9, 92 Mometasone furoate, 64, 106 Mucocele, 36 Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), 96 Multiple small annular lesions, 154 155 Mycoses, 230 231 Mycosis fungoides, 62 63 N National Health Insurance (NHI) system, 224 225 Nepal, topical steroid abuse, 190 191 disease distribution, 194 facial dermatosis, 194, 195 over the counter drugs, 191 patient perspective, 191 significant amount, 195 steroid, 194 steroid-induced dermatosis, 191 193 tinea incognito, 192 194 Neutrophils, 92 NHI system. See National Health Insurance (NHI) system Nitric oxide (NO), 264 Nitric oxide synthetase, 17 Nitro-glucocorticoids, 20 Nodulocystic acne, 36 O Occlusive dressing therapy, 28 Ocular adverse effects, 246 Ointments, 19, 102, 119 Orofacial cleft, 84 Index P Panderm Plus cream, 181 Papules, 139 Parasites, 231 Pemphigoid gestationis (PG), 96 97 Pemphigus foliaceus (PF), 95 96 Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), 95 96 Perianal inflammation, 34 Perilesional hypopigmentation, 217, 220 Perioral dermatitis, 65, 144, 213, 217, 231, 232, 255 256 Peristomal dermatoses, 30 Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), 293 Pharmacology ADRs, 19 20 anti-inflammatory and immuno-suppressant effects, 16 18 anti-proliferative action, 18 classification, 14, 15 contraindications, 20 formulations, 18 19 geriatric and paediatric patients, 20 mechanism of action, 15 16 potency, 13 14 pregnancy and lactation, 20 selection and use, 19 structure-activity relationship, 12 13 therapeutic indications, 18 vasoconstrictor action, 18 Pharmacovigilance, 292 active surveillance, 292 ADR, 292 adverse event, 292 CIOMS, 294 in Europe, 293 ICH guidelines, 294 in Japan, 293 passive surveillance, 292 in special population, 293 spontaneous reporting, 293 in US, 293 VigiBase, individual case safety report, 295 299 WHO, 293 294 Phimosis/labial adhesion, 34 35 Phobia aetiology, 268 consequences, 268 management, 268 269 Phospholipase A 2, 16
Photodermatitis, 199 Photosensitive eczema, 30 Photosensitivity, 146, 186, 200, 256, 273 Pigmentary disorders, 207 Pityriasis alba, 30 Plaque psoriasis, chronic, 112 Plasma cell balanitis, 162 Plasma cell vulvitis, 163 Polyamide, 106 Polymeric nanocarriers, 106 Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation, 114 Prednisolone, 13 Pregnancy cutaneous absorption and bioavailability in, 82 indications, 83 metabolism, 82 83 randomized controlled trials, 65 recommendations, 84 85 safety profile data, 83 effects of, 83 84 fetal death, 84 fetal growth restriction, 84 orofacial cleft, 84 preterm delivery, 84 Preterm delivery, 84 Primary cicatricial alopecias (PCA), 105 106 Profuse tinea, 231 Propionibacterium acnes, 256 Pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous, 163 Psoriasis, 31 children with, 31 32 Koebner phenomenon, 322 randomized controlled trials, 53 60 Purpura, 254 Pustules, 140 Pustulosis psoriasis, 234 235 R Rebound phenomenon, 256 Red scrotum syndrome, 256 Red skin syndrome (RSS), 42, 169 170, 313 causes, 172 cortisol levels and progression, epidermis, 176 epidermal changes, 172, 173 epidermis with immunostaining, 172, 174 175 clinical manifestation, 170 172 management, 177 Rosacea, 193, 231, 232, 255 256 Rosacea-like dermatitis, 255, 272 RSS. See Red skin syndrome (RSS) S Salicylic-mandelic acid, 279 Sarcoidosis, 36, 63 Scalp disorders alopecia areata, 103 intralesional steroids, 103 104 topical corticosteroids in, 104 androgenetic alopecia, 105 categories, 102 cicatricial alopecias, 105 106 EPDS, 106 formulations, 102 103 polyamide, 106 polymeric nanocarriers, 106 scalp psoriasis, 104 105 seborrhoeic dermatitis, 104 Scalp psoriasis, 104 105 Scarring alopecia, 106 Schedule H, 74, 124, 182, 285, 304, 305 Seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD), 29, 65, 104 Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs), 20, 247 SIL. See Steroid-induced lipoatrophy (SIL) SIR. See Steroid-induced rosacea (SIR) Skin atrophy, 199, 233, 234 bleaching creams, 288 infection bacterial, 231, 232 mycoses, 230 231 parasites, 231 viral, 232 Skinlite, 181 Small plaque psoriasis bioassay, 14 Soft corticosteroids, 13 Solar prurigo, 199 Southeast Asia, topical corticosteroid abuse, 210 acneiform eruptions, 213, 215 216 adverse reactions, 221 axillary regions, 212 Cushing s syndrome, 221 factors, 210 211 fungal infections, 217 219 furunculosis and folliculitis, 217, 219, 220 guidelines, 221 inner arms, striae, 212 perilesional hypopigmentation, 217, 220 perioral dermatitis, 213, 217 potency, 221 psoriasis teenage, 211 psoriatic Indonesian patient, 212 psoriatic Singaporean patient, 211 skin atrophy, 212, 215 telangiectasia, 212, 214 Staphylococcus aureus, 29, 122, 256 257 Stellate pseudoscars, 254 255 Steroid acne, 198 Steroid-damaged skin, treatment saline injections, 273 SIL, 273, 274 SIR, 272 steroid-induced atrophy, 272 273 steroid-induced striae, 273 Steroid dermatitis, 133 Steroid-induced atrophy, 113, 272 273 Steroid-induced erythema, 113 Steroid-induced hypertrichosis, 114 Steroid-induced lipoatrophy (SIL), 273, 274 331
332 Steroid-induced rosacea (SIR), 272, 280 Steroid-induced striae, 273, 323 Steroid-modified tinea clinical presentations, 152 arciform lesions, 154 155 double-edged tinea, 154 dumbbell-shaped large annular lesions, 154 155 eczematous lesions, 154 larger-sized lesions, 152, 153 male genital dermatophytosis, 155 156 multiple annular lesions, 154 155 multiple small annular lesions, 154 155 prominent striae and hypopigmentation, 157 tinea corporis, erythrodermic variant, 157 tinea cruris and corporis, 153 tinea faciei, 156, 157 tinea pseudoimbricata, 153 154 morphological patterns, 152 veritable epidemic, 152 Steroid preatrophy, 28 Steroid rosacea, 183 Steroid withdrawal syndrome, 238 Striae, 146, 254, 281 distensae, 232 233 Sulfonated shale oil cream, 264 Sulzberger, M.B, 4 Superficial dermatophytosis clinical presentations, 152 arciform lesions, 154 155 double-edged tinea, 154 dumbbell-shaped large annular lesions, 154 155 eczematous lesions, 154 larger-sized lesions, 152, 153 male genital dermatophytosis, 155 156 multiple annular lesions, 154 155 multiple small annular lesions, 154 155 prominent striae and hypopigmentation, 157 tinea corporis, erythrodermic variant, 157 tinea cruris and corporis, 153 tinea faciei, 156, 157 tinea pseudoimbricata, 153 154 problem, 152 Superficial infantile cutaneous hemangiomas, 64 Symptomatic oral LP, 60 T Tachyphylaxis, 197 Tar shampoos, 102 TCA. See Topical corticosteroid addiction (TCA) TCP. See Topical corticosteroid phobia (TCP) TCS. See Topical corticosteroid (TCS) Telangiectasia, 142, 193, 212, 214, 254, 280 Tinea corporis, 152, 157, 193, 218, 323 Tinea cruris, 153 Tinea faciei, 156, 157, 322, 323 Tinea incognita, 154, 230 Tinea incognito, 113, 143, 192 194 Tinea pseudoimbricata, 153 154, 230, 231 Topical corticosteroid (TCS), 24 Index absorption, 26 administration frequency and treatment duration, 27 28 chemical structure, 24 combination, 27 ethical issues beneficence vs. autonomy, 75 76 non-malfeasance, 75 patient autonomy, 75 truth telling, 75 ethical use amount, frequency, and duration, 77 corticosteroid allergy, being aware of, 77 diagnosis, 76 effective communication, 77 78 exit strategy, 77 molecule and delivery system, 76 patient, 76 77 prevention and modifiable factors, focusing, 77 evolution adrenal extracts, 2 betamethasone, 6 clocortolone pivalate, 6 commercial side, 3 4 and development, 6 7 first topical use, 4 fluorinated agents, 4 5 local and systemic absorption, 6 planned serendipity, 2 3 Sulzberger and Witten, 4 ILS administration, 28 indications alopecia areata, 32 33 atopic dermatitis, 28 29 blistering disorders, 33 34 burns, 35 children with psoriasis, 31 32 chronic idiopathic urticaria and urticaria pigmentosa, 35 CLE, 33 contact dermatitis, 30 granulomatous diseases, 36 haemangiomas, 34 hand eczema and pityriasis alba, 30 intertrigo and perianal inflammation, 34 keloid and hypertrophic scars, 35 lichen planus, 32 lichen sclerosus, 35 LSC, 30 melasma, 35 mucocele, 36 nodulocystic acne, 36 peristomal dermatoses, 30 phimosis/labial adhesion, 34 35 photosensitive eczema, 30 pretreatment, 35 36 psoriasis, 31 sarcoidosis, 36 seborrhoeic dermatitis, 29 vitiligo, 33
333 misuse, global scenario, 310 312 occlusive dressing therapy, 28 pregnancy and breastfeeding, safety in, 26 27 pros and cons of bioavailability, 88 hydrocortisone, 87 preparation, potency ranking, 88 safety of, 88 89 rational and ethical use abuse, 123 administrative measurement, 124 adverse effects, 123 combination with antibacterials, antifungals, 122 123 indications, 118 119 right choice of, 123 right education, 123 124 right kind of patient, 121 122 right potency, 119 right quantity, frequency, and duration, 120 121 vehicle, 119 120 side effects, 28 strength, 25 structure, 24 25 systemic side effects, 244 cutaneous adverse reactions, 246 247 factors, 242 244 HPA axis suppression and iatrogenic Cushing s syndrome, 244, 245 hyperglycemia and metabolic disorders, 246 musculoskeletal system, 244 246 ocular adverse effects, 246 pediatric and geriatric population, 247 percutaneous drug absorption, mechanism, 242 topical side effects, 252 253 atrophy, 253 255 bacterial infections, 256 257 contact sensitization, 257 258 delayed wound healing, 258 follicular changes, 255 fungal infections, 257 infestations, 257 pigmentary changes, 255 prevention, 258 rosacea and perioral dermatitis, 255 256 viral infections, 257 vehicles and preparation, 27 Topical corticosteroid addiction (TCA), 42, 262 263 dependence, 262 face, 263 genitalia and perianal area, 263 management, 264 pathogenesis, 263 264 Topical corticosteroid phobia (TCP) aetiology, 268 consequences, 268 management, 268 269 Topical steroid damaged/dependent face (TSDF), 183, 221, 302 aetiology and precipitating factors, 148 149 clinical features, 149 definition, 138 dependence, 148 ethical use, 147 148 facial skin, 138 acneiform eruptions, 141 allergic contact dermatitis, 145 atrophy and striae, 146 erythema, 139 hirsutism, 141, 142 hypo-and hyperpigmentation, 144 papules, 139 perioral dermatitis, 144 photosensitivity, 146 pustules, 140 rosacea-like features, 145 telangiectasia, 142 tinea incognito, 143 management, 149 150 Topical steroid withdrawal (TSW), 169 Transcription factors, 16, 17, 92 Triamcinolone, 13, 103 Triamcinolone acetonide (TAC), 103 999 abuse, 312 TSDF. See Topical steroid damaged/dependent face (TSDF) U Ulcers, 322, 324 Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC), 293 294 Urticaria pigmentosa, 35 US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), 293 UVB therapy, 31 V VigiBase, 295 299 Viral skin infections, 232 Vitiligo, 33 associated with leucotrichia, 112 meta-analysis, 52 randomized controlled trials, 50 52 systematic review, 52 Vulvar lichen sclerosus atrophicus (VLS), 163 164 W Witten, V.H., 4 Y Yellow Card Scheme, 293 Z Zoon s balanitis, 162, 166