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Feeding the Hard Keeper Dr. Martin W. Adams, PhD, PAS Equine Nutritionist Southern States
Nutrient Requirements of Horses The latest edition of Nutrient Requirements of Horses, published in 2007, recognized what horse owners have known for a long time, that some individual horses and particular breeds require more or less calories than they should if we just base their feeding program on body weight or exercise. Horse Requirement Calculator: http://nrc88.nas.edu/nrh/
What is your #1 problem when trying to feed a Hard Keeper?
ANSWER: Keeping their weight or body condition up! This problem is usually due to one of these two problems: 1. Horse won t eat enough to maintain desirable weight or body condition OR 2. Horse eats a lot but can t maintain desirable weight or body condition
Estimation of Digestible Energy (DE) Requirements for the Mature Horse (1,100 lb Body Weight) NRC, 1989-16.4 Mcal DE Maintenance NRC, 2007-15.2 Mcal DE No work, minimum Horses and ponies in confinement or sedentary lifestyle, also draft breeds NRC, 2007-16.7 Mcal DE No work, average Horses with moderate voluntary activity 10% over NRC 2007 no work, minimum estimate NRC, 2007-18.2 Mcal DE No work, elevated Horses with nervous temperments and high level of voluntary activity 10% over NRC 2007 no work, average estimate
Hard Keeping Breeds and Types Thoroughbreds (all types) Anglo-Arabs Slab-Sided 17-Hand Warm Bloods Performance Horses Older Horses Lactating Mares Breeding Stallions Upper Level Dressage Horses Appendix
Problem Areas to Address for Hard Keepers Chronic Digestive Problems Ulcers, diarrhea and gut obstruction from abdominal tumor or surgery reduces feed intake and utilization Poor Dental Condition Missing or worn teeth or malocclusion problems reduce feed utilization Old Age Dental problems and decreased digestive efficiency results in weight loss Parasite Infestation Heavy parasite load will reduce nutrient absorption
DE Requirements (Mcal( Mcal/day) CLASS OF HORSE 400 kg (880 lb) 500 kg (1100 lb) 600 kg (1320 lb) Maintenance (no work, elevated) 14.5 18.2 21.8 Late Pregnancy (11 months) 18.6 21.4 30.0 Early Lactation (1 month) 25.4 31.7 38.1 Weanling (6 months) 12.4 15.5 18.6 Light Work 16.0 20.0 24.0 Moderate Work 18.7 23.3 28.0 Heavy Work 21.3 26.6 32.0 Intense Work 27.6 34.5 41.4
Quality Estimates for Types of Hay for Horses
Triple Crown Premium Forage Cubes Alfalfa Cubes Alfa-Timothy Cubes Less dust than baled hay Less feeding waste than baled hay Consistent quality and high calorie content 50-pound bags Replaces up to 100% of hay and pasture requirements Triple Crown is a registered trademark of Triple Crown Nutrition, Inc.
Triple Crown Premium Chopped Alfalfa Forage 15% protein 1.5% fat 30% fiber Dust free Highly palatable Pure alfalfa hay Consistent quality Replaces 100% of hay or pasture requirements Triple Crown is a registered trademark of Triple Crown Nutrition, Inc.
Triple Crown Premium Chopped Grass Forage 8% protein 1.5% fat 30% fiber Dust free Highly palatable Timothy/Orchardgrass hay Consistent quality Replaces 100% of hay or pasture requirements Triple Crown is a registered trademark of Triple Crown Nutrition, Inc.
Caloric Value of Nutrients * 4 kcal/g carbohydrate 4 kcal/g protein 9 kcal/g fat 7 kcal/g alcohol Why does fat have more calories? C-H bonds release more energy than C-O bonds Fats have more C-H bonds Carbohydrates and proteins have more C-O bonds 2.25 more calories per unit for fat *Gross energy
Digestible Energy (DE) of Feeds Feed Mcal/kg Mcal/lb Forages 1.6 2.4 0.8 1.1 Cereal grains 2.8 3.4 1.3 1.6 Commercial feeds 2.2 3.7 1.0 1.8 Oils 9.1 4.1
Sources of Dietary Fat FEED SOURCE Fats and Oils (tallow, lard, fish oil, corn oil, soy oil, rice bran oil, flax oil, canola oil) % CRUDE FAT 99.8% Vegetable Oils 99.9% Flax Seed 38% Rice Bran 15 22% Whole Soybeans and Rice Bran 18 22% Hays and Grains < 5% Fat added Concentrates 6 13% Blended Fat Supplements 20 40%
Triple Crown Rice Bran Oil Plus Rice bran oil, corn oil and flaxseed oil Provides high levels of omega-3 fatty acids Concentrated source of gamma oryzanol Improves hair coat and increases weight gain Built-in measuring spout Triple Crown is a registered trademark of Triple Crown Nutrition, Inc.
Triple Crown Rice Bran 20% fat 12.5% protein Balanced calcium & phosphorus levels Concentrated calorie source in meal form Recommended for hard keepers and performance horses Added vitamin E Triple Crown is a registered trademark of Triple Crown Nutrition, Inc.
Legends Fortified Pelleted Rice Bran High fat supplement for show and performance horses Small-sized pellet mixes well in grain or pellets and won t sort out Provides cool calories without hyperactivity High level of vitamin E for antioxidant protection Balanced levels of calcium and phosphorus Legends is a registered trademark of Southern States Cooperative, Incorporated.
Meeting Daily Digestible Energy Requirements of 1,100 lb Horse in Intense Work Low quality hay 0.8 Mcal/lb Hay fed at 1.5% of body weight 1,100 x.015 = 16.5 lb Need 14 lb of Triple Crown Complete or Legends Performance Horse Feed Feeding rate is 2.8% of body weight (over limit of 2.5%) High quality hay 1.0 Mcal/lb Hay fed at 1.5% of body weight 1,100 x.015 = 16.5 lb Need 11 lb of Triple Crown Complete or Legends Performance Horse Feed Feeding rate is 2.5% of body weight Triple Crown is a registered trademark of Triple Crown Nutrition, Inc. Legends is a registered trademark of Southern States Cooperative, Incorporated.
Sugar, Starch and NSC Content of Selected Horse Feedstuffs* Feedstuff Sugar Starch NSC Oat Hay 16.0% 6.3% 22.1% Barley Hay 14.9% 5.8% 20.4% Alfalfa Hay 8.9% 2.5% 11.3% Bermudagrass Hay 7.5% 6.1% 13.6% Grass Hay 11.1% 2.9% 13.8% Alfalfa Pellets 7.2% 2.3% 9.3% Alfalfa Cubes 8.3% 2.0% 10.2% Grass Pasture 10.3% 3.4% 12.1% Rice Bran 6.2% 17.7% 21.2% Oats 4.8% 44.4% 54.1% Corn 3.7% 70.3% 73.3% Barley 6.0% 53.7% 61.7% Beet Pulp 10.7% 1.4% 12.3% Wheat Bran 8.3% 22.8% 31.1% Soybean Hulls 4.3% 1.9% 6.3% Wheat Middlings 10.1% 26.2% 32.0% Soybean Meal 14.3% 2.1% 16.2% *Values reported from Equi-Analytical, Ithaca, NY and reported on dry matter basis.
Glycemic Response
Glycemic Response Glucose (mg/dl) 145 135 125 115 105 95 85 High Starch Low Starch Pasture 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (hr)
Soluble Carbohydrate Analysis of Horse Feeds Southern States has soluble carbohydrate values for all its horse feeds analyzed by an independent laboratory Sugar and starch values for Select, Reliance, Legends and Triple Crown horse feeds are available Southern States has developed low starch feeds with fixed ingredient formulas Triple Crown is a registered trademark of Triple Crown Nutrition, Inc. Legends and Reliance are registered trademarks of Southern States Cooperative, Incorporated.
Excitable Behavior and Diet
Benefits and Uses of Dietary Fat Increased energy density for decreased grain feeding and less colic risk Glossy hair coat (soy oil, rice bran, flax seed) Improve skin health (omega-3s) Substitute for high starch ingredients and reduce soluble carbohydrate levels Reduce excitability (less starch and sugar) Manage inflammation (omega-3s) Improved energetic efficiency Metabolic adaptations that increase fat use during exercise (glycogen sparing)
Additives for Hard Keepers Yeast Culture Probiotics Mannan-oligosaccharide Bio-Mos Mycotoxin Binder MTB-100 now Integral Vitamins B 1 and B 12 Lysopex and Lecithin Friendly Intestinal Bacteria Fat Digestion
Triple Crown Complete 11% protein 10% fat 15% fiber Beet pulp based Added rice bran and flax seed Low carbohydrate level Recommended for performance horses EquiMix technology including probiotics and digestive enzymes Triple Crown and EquiMix are registered trademarks of Triple Crown Nutrition, Inc.
Triple Crown 14% Performance Formula 14% protein 10% fat 7% fiber Oat-based Palatable textured form EquiMix technology including probiotics and digestive enzymes Added flax seed and rice bran Triple Crown and EquiMix are registered trademarks of Triple Crown Nutrition, Inc.
Triple Crown Training Formula 13% protein 13% fat 13% fiber Oat based for good palatability No corn formula Added beet pulp Rice bran, flax seed and fish oil for high omega-3 content Low carbohydrate level EquiMix technology including probiotics and digestive enzymes Triple Crown and EquiMix are registered trademarks of Triple Crown Nutrition, Inc.
Legends Performance Textured Formula For mature performance and show horses 19 guaranteed nutrients Low carbohydrate level for calm behavior and less colic risk Fixed ingredient formula Added amino acids, biotin, rice bran, flaxseed, organic trace minerals and yeast culture Legends is a registered trademark of Southern States Cooperative, Incorporated.
Legends Performance Pelleted Formula For mature performance and show horses 19 guaranteed nutrients Low carbohydrate level for calm behavior and less colic risk Fixed ingredient formula Added amino acids, biotin, rice bran, flaxseed, organic trace minerals and yeast culture Legends is a registered trademark of Southern States Cooperative, Incorporated.
Putting It All Together Feed according to body weight, status and activity Weigh your feed and hay, know how much you are feeding Use a weight tape and do BCS every 30 days, write it down Adjust feeding program for proper weight gain/loss and BCS Find a feed, hay and supplements that work for your horse
Feeding Horses Can Be Intimidating! But Southern States can help! Come to our website for information about horse feeds, proper feeding guidelines and contact us if you have a question about feeding your horse. equussource.com and southernstates.com Thanks for joining us!