Roasted Full-Fat Soybeans in Starter, Grower, and Finisher Diets for Female Broiler Turkeys

2005 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Roasted Full-Fat Soybeans in Starter, Grower, and Finisher Diets for Female Broiler Turkeys J. L. MacIsaac,* K. L. Burgoyne, D. M. Anderson,,1 and B. R. Rathgeber *Atlantic Poultry Research Institute, PO Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3; and Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, PO Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3 Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Commercial Turkey Producers, Feed Manufacturers SUMMARY A study was conducted to examine the growth performance and carcass composition of broiler turkeys fed graded levels of roasted soybeans processed by flame roasting. Roasted soybeans were incorporated as a partial replacement of soybean meal in starter (0 or 15% of the diet) and as a partial or complete replacement for soybean meal in grower and finisher diets (0:100, 33.3:66.6, 66.6:33.3, 100:0; roasted full-fat soybeans:soybean meal). At 21 d of age, the birds fed the starter diet with roasted soybeans ate more feed and were heavier than the controls, but feed conversion was similar. Feed consumption and feed conversion were not affected by ratio of roasted soybeans to soybean meal. However, birds fed the diet containing the 66.6:33.3 ratio were heavier than birds fed any other diet. At 84 d of age, carcass CP content of the birds fed roasted soybeans in the starter diet were similar to the control birds, whereas the carcass fat content was lower. Key words: soybean, roasted, soybean meal, turkey, carcass composition 2005 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 14:116 121 DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Soybean meal is the primary source of plant protein in poultry diets [1]. Interest has developed in the use of full-fat soybeans as a replacement for both soybean meal and fat in chicken diets [1, 2, 3]. The use of full-fat soybeans would eliminate the cost of oil extraction and allow the use of a homegrown protein supplement in poultry diets [1, 2, 4]. The use of raw soybeans by monogastric animals is not efficient due to the presence of heatlabile trypsin inhibitors and other antinutritional factors [5]. Trypsin inhibitors reduce the activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin [6]. Reduced growth rate and pancreatic enlargement in chickens are associated with the presence of trypsin inhibitors [7]. These inhibitors are, however, readily destroyed by heat treatment [6]. Anderson-Hafermann et al. [8] found that raw beans of the low trypsin inhibitor type still need to be cooked to improve broiler performance. One method of heat processing raw soybeans is dry roasting in which the beans pass through a rotating chamber while they are directly exposed to a flame. A number of farms have this capacity as well as commercial grain-roasting units. Waldroup and Cotton [9] reported similar 0- to 28-d weight gains by broilers 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: DAnderson@nsac.ns.ca.

MACISAAC ET AL.: ROASTED SOYBEANS FOR BROILER TURKEYS 117 fed heat-treated full-fat soybeans or soybean meal containing diets. Papadapoulos and Vandoros [10] included heat-treated full-fat soybeans in broiler diets at a level of 15% and reported that BW at 6 wk of age were not adversely affected. In contrast, Leeson et al. [3] included heat-treated full-fat soybeans in broiler starter and finisher diets at a level of 30% of the diet and reported reduced growth performance during the starter period. However, the detrimental effects became less severe as bird age increased. When 100% of the soybean meal was replaced by commercially roasted full-fat soybeans, Chohan et al. [11] reported significantly lower 3-wk BW. The high energy content of full-fat soybeans has potential to change carcass composition. Quarantelli [12] showed a 3% improvement in carcass yield of broiler chickens as soybeans were increased to 10% of the diet. Although at this level of supplementation the carcass yield was 68.3%, there is no indication of the composition of this increased yield. Limited information is available on the value of full-fat soybeans for turkeys. The protein requirement is higher and the ME requirement lower for broiler turkeys compared with broiler chickens [13]. Full-fat soybeans could provide both supplemental protein and supplemental energy in 1 feed ingredient. To broaden the base of information on full-fat soybeans as a feed ingredient for poultry, this project examined the growth performance and carcass composition of broiler turkeys fed graded levels of full-fat soybeans, processed by flame roasting, in the starter, grower, and finisher diets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locally grown raw full-fat soybeans were purchased and roasted (130.5 C), using an open flame propane-fired roaster. After roasting, the beans were steeped for 45 min. A total of 560 day-old female turkey poults (Nicholas White [14]) were wing-banded, individually weighed, and randomly distributed to 16 pens at a density of 0.20 m 2 /bird. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Following continuous light for the first 48 h posthousing, the photoperiod was 23.5L:0.5D. Light intensity, controlled by a rheostat, was reduced gradually from 38 lx at 21 d to 4 lx at 84 d of age. The brooding temperature was 32 C from d 1 to d 7 after which the tempera- TABLE 1. Composition of the experimental starter diets containing 0 or 15% levels of roasted soybeans Level of soybeans Ingredient, % 0% 15% Corn 41.36 41.06 Wheat 10.00 10.00 Roasted soybeans (39%) 1 15.00 Soybean meal (48%) 1 32.54 20.62 Fish meal (63%) 1 7.50 7.50 Tallow 4.23 1.52 Dicalcium phosphate (18%) 2 1.33 1.25 Limestone 1.22 1.23 DL-Methionine 0.12 0.097 Lysine HCl 0.004 0.021 Iodized salt (70 mg/kg) 0.20 0.20 Lignosol 3 1.00 1.00 Premix 4 0.50 0.50 Calculated analysis Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 3,000 3,000 Crude protein (%) 26.0 26.0 Calcium (%) 1.30 1.30 Available phosphorus (%) 0.70 0.70 Lysine (%) 1.44 1.44 Methionine (%) 0.55 0.55 1 Percentage protein in the feedstuff. 2 Percentage phosphorus in the feedstuff. 3 Borregaard Ligno Tech, Rothschild, WI. 4 Supplied per kilogram of starter diet: vitamin A, 10,000 IU; vitamin D 3, 2,000 IU; vitamin E, 25.0 mg; vitamin K, 3.0 mg; riboflavin, 7.6 mg; DL-Ca-pantothenate, 27 mg; vitamin B 12, 0.015 mg; niacin, 76.2; folic acid 4.9 mg; choline, 801.0; biotin, 60.0 mg; pyridoxine, 6.0 mg; thiamine, 3.0 mg; methionine 2871 mg; manganese, 70.2 mg; zinc, 80.0 mg; copper, 25.0 mg; selenium 0.15 mg; Lysine, 2390 mg; ethoxyquin, 50.0 mg; wheat middlings, 549.0 mg; ground limestone, 500.0 mg; amprolium, 125 mg. ture was reduced 3 C/week until it reached 21 C at 28 d of age where it remained for the duration of the experiment. The experiment was comprised of a 2 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The level of roasted full-fat soybeans used in the starter diets was 0 or 15%. Within the starter groups, the ratios of roasted full-fat soybeans to soybean meal in the grower and finisher diets were 0:100, 33.3:66.6, 66.6:33.3, and 100:0. The starter diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric with 26% CP and 3,000 kcal ME/kg diet (Table 1). These diets were fed as crumbles from d 1 to 21 d of age. The grower and finisher diets were also formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The grower diets contained 20% CP and 3,176 kcal ME/kg (Table 2) and were fed as pellets from d 22 to 63 d of age. The finisher diets

118 JAPR: Research Report TABLE 2. Composition of the experimental grower diets containing graded replacement levels of roasted soybeans Soybeans:soybean meal Ingredient, % 0:100 33.3:66.6 66.6:33.3 100:0 Corn 54.90 54.14 53.37 52.63 Wheat 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Roasted soybeans (39%) 1 7.74 16.79 27.47 Soybean meal (48%) 1 21.47 15.47 8.40 Fish meal (63%) 1 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Tallow 4.36 3.41 2.23 0.76 Dicalcium phosphate (18%) 2 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.00 Limestone 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 DL-Methionine 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.07 Lysine HCl 0.004 0.012 0.019 0.03 Iodized salt (70 mg/kg) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Lignosol 3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Premix 4 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Calculated analysis Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 3,176 3,177 3,176 3,176 Crude protein (%) 20.0 20.00 20.0 20.0 Calcium (%) 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 Available phosphorus (%) 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 Lysine (%) 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 Methionine (%) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 1 Percentage protein in the feedstuff. 2 Percentage phosphorus in the feedstuff. 3 Borregaard Ligno Tech, Rothschild, WI. 4 Supplied per kilogram of grower diet: vitamin A, 10,000 IU; vitamin D 3, 2,000 IU; vitamin E, 25.0 mg; vitamin K, 3.0 mg; riboflavin, 7.6 mg; DL-Ca-pantothenate, 27 mg; vitamin B 12, 0.015 mg; niacin, 76.2; folic acid 4.9 mg; choline, 801.0; biotin, 60.0 mg; pyridoxine, 6.0 mg; thiamine, 3.0 mg; methionine 1079 mg; manganese, 70.2 mg; zinc, 80.0 mg; copper, 25.0 mg; selenium 0.15 mg; lysine, 23.3 mg; ethoxyquin, 50.0 mg; wheat middlings, 405.0 mg; ground limestone, 500.0 mg; amprolium, 125 mg. contained 17% CP and 3,252 kcal ME/kg (Table 3) and were fed as pellets from 64 to 84 d of age. All diets were steam pelleted using a California pellet mill [15]. The birds were weighed individually at 21, 63, and 84 d of age. Feed was weighed in as required and weighed back on each weigh-day and as mortality occurred. Mortalities or culled birds were necropsied by a veterinary pathologist. On d 21, 63, and 84, 3 birds were randomly collected from each pen and killed to determine carcass composition. Each eviscerated carcass was ground using a Hobart meat grinder [16], and a representative sample was weighed and freezedried to determine DM content. The dried samples were ground, and nitrogen content was determined by the Dumas method [17] using a Leco nitrogen determinator [18]. Crude protein content was calculated as N 6.25. Each carcass was analyzed for crude fat by petroleum ether extraction using a 1047 Hydrolyzing Unit and Soxtec System (HT) [19]. Ash content was determined by burning in a muffle furnace at 450 C [20]. All of the animals were managed in accordance with the local Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines that follow the Canadian Council on Animal Care [21] standards. A floor pen was the experimental unit for the growth performance data, and an individual bird was the experimental unit for the carcass composition data. The growth and carcass data were subjected to ANOVA using the general linear model procedure of the Statistical Analysis Systems, Inc., [22] with level of roasted soybeans in the starter diet and ratio of roasted soybeans to soybean meal in the grower and finisher diets as the main effects. If significant main effects or interactions were found, the probability of differences (PDIFF) option was used to compare differences among the least squares means. The level for significance was P = 0.05.

MACISAAC ET AL.: ROASTED SOYBEANS FOR BROILER TURKEYS 119 TABLE 3. Composition of the experimental finisher diets containing graded replacement levels of roasted soybeans Soybeans:soybean meal Ingredient, % 0:100 33.3:66.6 66.6:33.3 100:0 Corn 60.77 60.16 59.59 59.02 Wheat 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Roasted soybeans (39%) 1 5.93 12.86 21.04 Soybean meal (48%) 1 16.44 11.86 6.43 Fish meal (63%) 1 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Tallow 4.83 4.11 3.20 2.07 Dicalcium phosphate (18%) 2 1.19 1.17 1.13 1.09 Limestone 1.36 1.36 1.37 1.38 DL-Methionine 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 Lysine HCl 0.098 0.10 0.11 0.12 Iodized salt (70 mg/kg) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Lignosol 3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Premix 4 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Calculated analysis Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 3,252 3,252 3,252 3,251 Crude protein (%) 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 Calcium (%) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Available phosphorus (%) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Lysine (%) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Methionine (%) 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 1 Percentage protein in the feedstuff. 2 Percentage phosphorus in the feedstuff. 3 Borregaard Ligno Tech, Rothschild, WI. 4 Supplied per kilogram of finisher diet: vitamin A, 10,000 IU; vitamin D 3, 2,000 IU; vitamin E, 25.0 mg; vitamin K, 3.0 mg; riboflavin, 7.6 mg; DL-Ca-pantothenate, 27 mg; vitamin B 12, 0.015 mg; niacin, 76.2; folic acid 4.9 mg; choline, 801.0; biotin, 60.0 mg; pyridoxine, 6.0 mg; thiamine, 3.0 mg; methionine 1079 mg; manganese, 70.2 mg; zinc, 80.0 mg; copper, 25.0 mg; selenium 0.15 mg; lysine, 23.3 mg; ethoxyquin, 50.0 mg; wheat middlings, 405.0 mg; ground limestone, 500.0 mg; amprolium, 125 mg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between roasted soybeans in the starter diet and increasing the level of roasted soybeans in the grower and finisher diets on growth performance and carcass composition. Birds fed the diet containing 15% roasted soybeans in the starter diet were heavier (P 0.05) at 21 d compared with the control (Table 4). Feed consumption from 1 to 21 d of age of the diet containing the roasted soybeans was higher (P 0.05) than the control diet (Table 4). Corresponding feed conversion ratios were not different (P > 0.05). Roasted soybeans in the grower diets influenced 63-d body weights and weight gains from 22 to 63 d of age (Table 4). Birds fed the diet containing the 66.6:33.3 ratio were heavier (P 0.05) than birds fed any other diet. Birds fed the diet containing the 66.6:33.3 ratio grew faster (P 0.05) from 22 to 63 d of age than the birds fed the diets containing the 0:100 and 100:0 ratios. Feed consumption and feed conversion were not affected (P > 0.05) by ratio of roasted soybeans to soybean meal (Table 4). Leeson et al. [3] reported that the detrimental effects of feeding high levels of roasted soybeans to broiler chickens were less severe with an increase in age of the bird. Carew et al. [23] suggested that a reduction in fat and energy use by birds fed diets with heated soybeans may have resulted from the bird s reduced ability to extract fat from the cellular structure of the soybeans. Pelleting diets containing heated soybeans resulted in improved oil availability from the soybeans. The mechanical force applied during pelleting may have increased cellular disruption of the bean resulting in an improvement in oil availability [24]. In the present study, the starter diets were crumbled, and grower and finisher diets were pelleted. At 84 d of age, carcass CP content of the birds fed 15% roasted soybeans in the starter diet were similar (P > 0.05) to the control-fed birds,

120 JAPR: Research Report TABLE 4. Effect of roasted full-fat soybeans on the growth performance of female broiler turkeys Level of soybeans in starter diets (%) Roasted soybeans:soybean meal in grower and finisher diets Variable 0 15 SEM 0:100 33.3:66.6 66.6:33.3 100:0 SEM BW (kg/bird) 21 d 0.60 b 0.63 a 0.003 63 d 3.53 3.55 0.03 3.45 b 3.55 b 3.70 a 3.47 b 0.04 84 d 5.69 5.77 0.06 5.64 5.70 5.96 5.62 0.08 Weight gain (kg/bird) 1-21 d 0.54 b 0.57 a 0.006 22-63 d 2.93 2.92 0.03 2.84 b 2.94 ab 3.07 a 2.86 b 0.04 64 84 d 2.16 2.22 0.04 2.19 2.15 2.26 2.14 0.06 Feed consumption (kg/bird) 1 21 d 0.70 b 0.73 a 0.007 22 63 d 5.30 5.34 0.07 5.31 5.37 5.47 5.13 0.09 64 84 d 5.43 5.62 0.10 5.59 5.38 5.83 5.31 0.14 Feed conversion (feed:gain) 1 21 d 1.29 1.29 0.01 22 63 d 1.81 1.83 0.02 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.79 0.03 64 84 d 2.52 2.54 0.02 2.55 2.51 2.57 2.47 0.03 a,b Least squares means within the same row with different letters differ significantly (P < 0.05). but the carcass fat (Table 5) content was lower (P 0.05). Complete replacement of the soybean meal by roasted soybeans in the grower and finisher diets did not affect (P > 0.05) carcass protein and fat content at 63 or 84 d of age. Moran et al. [25] reported soft depot areas on turkey carcasses when fed extruded soybeans; however, this did not affect carcass grade. Leeson et al. [3] reported TABLE 5. Effect of roasted full-fat soybeans on the carcass composition of female broiler turkeys Level of soybeans in starter diets (%) increasing levels of roasted soybeans did not influence carcass fat content of broiler chickens. However, as the level of roasted soybeans in the diet increased, unsaturated fat increased, resulting in soft fat depot areas. Similar to commercial soybean meal, heat processed soybeans are an excellent source of protein and essential amino acids, such as lysine, Roasted soybeans:soybean meal in grower and finisher diets Variable 0 15 SEM 0:100 33.3:66.6 66.6:33.3 100:0 SEM CP (%) 21 d 63.93 62.98 0.59 63 d 60.64 59.25 0.96 59.57 59.52 60.10 60.59 1.36 84 d 58.41 59.79 1.07 59.07 58.73 58.00 60.60 1.50 Crude fat (%) 21 d 18.34 16.94 0.24 63 d 23.58 26.36 1.23 25.04 26.04 24.58 24.21 1.73 84 d 29.26 a 25.44 b 1.13 27.96 24.37 29.25 27.82 1.61 Ash (%) 21 d 13.30 13.05 0.47 63 d 11.91 11.93 0.39 11.15 12.21 12.38 11.93 0.56 84 d 11.70 12.81 0.54 12.32 13.36 12.75 10.59 0.76 DM (%) 21 d 28.12 b 29.71 a 0.35 63 d 32.24 32.49 0.26 32.28 33.05 32.31 31.82 0.37 84 d 35.07 a 33.70 b 0.41 34.19 35.43 33.78 34.06 0.57 a,b Least squares means within the same row with different letters differ significantly (P < 0.05).

MACISAAC ET AL.: ROASTED SOYBEANS FOR BROILER TURKEYS 121 methionine, and tryptophan [13]. In addition, heat processed soybeans contain on average 18% fat and 3,300 kcal ME/kg [13]. Therefore, with a growing consumer concern over the presence of animal by-products in animal diets, roasted soy- beans could provide the poultry feed industry with a potential alternative to animal-based supplemental protein sources, such as meat meal and animal-based supplemental energy sources, such as tallow. CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. There appears to be no detrimental effect of including 15% roasted soybeans in starter diets or replacing 100% of the soybean meal with roasted soybeans in grower and finisher diets on growth performance or carcass composition of female broiler turkeys. 2. A leaner bird was produced when roasted soybeans were included in the starter diet. However, further research evaluating carcass grades needs to be conducted. 3. Using local supplies of soybeans, roasted at local facilities, could be economical and provide the poultry industry with an alternative feed ingredient that can be easily incorporated into poultry rations. 1. 1. Arnold, J. B., J. D. Summers, and W. K. Bilanski. 1971. Nutritional value of heat treated whole soybeans. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 51:57 65. 2. Simovic, R., J. D. Summers, and W. K. Bilanski. 1972. Heat treatment of full-fat soybeans. Can J. Anim. Sci. 52:183 188. 3. Leeson, S., J. O. Atteh, and J. D. Summers. 1987. Effects of increasing dietary levels of commercially heated soybeans on performance, nutrient retention and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:821 828. 4. De Schutter, A. C., and J. R. Morris. 1990. Soybeans: Full- Fat. Pages 439 444 in Nontraditional Feed Sources for Use in Swine Production. P. A. Thacker and R. N. Kirkwood, ed. Butterworth Publ., Stoneham, MA. 5. Yen, J. T., A. H. Jenson, T. Hymowitz, and D. H. Baker. 1973. Utilization of different varieties of raw soybeans by male and female chicks. Poult. Sci. 52:1875 1882. 6. Rackis, J. J. 1974. Biological and physiological factors in soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 51:161A 174A. 7. Schneeman, B. O., and D. Gallaher. 1986. Pancreatic response to dietary trypsin inhibitor: Variation among species. Pages 185 187 in Nutritional and Toxicological Significance of Enzyme Inhibitors in Foods. M. Friedman, ed. Plenum Press, New York. 8. Anderson-Hafermann, J. C., Y. Zhang, and C. M. Parsons. 1992. Effect of heating on nutritional quality of conventional and Kuntz trypsin inhibitor free soybeans. Poult. Sci. 71:1700 1709. 9. Waldroup, P. W., and T. L. Cotton. 1974. Maximum usage levels of cooked full-fat soybeans in all-mash broiler diets. Poult. Sci. 53:677 680. 10. Papadopoulos, G., and S. Vandoros. 1988. Dietary estimation of full fat soybeans on broiler fattening during the summer. Epith. Zootech. Epist. 7:17 31. 11. Chohan, A. K., R. M. G. Hamilton, M. A. McNiven, and J. A. MacLeod. 1993. High protein and low trypsin inhibitor varieties of full-fat soybeans in broiler chicken starter diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 73:401 409. 12. Quarantelli, A. 1991. Use of whole expanded soybeans in the feeding of broiler chickens. Experimental contribution. Poult. Abstr. 19:1757. REFERENCES AND NOTES 13. National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. 14. Nicholas Whites, Cuddy Farms, Strathroy, Ontario, Canada. 15. California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, IN. 16. Hobart Corporation, Troy, OH. 17. Ebeling, M. E. 1968. The Dumas method for nitrogen in feeds. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 51:766 770. 18. Leco Corp., St. Joseph, MI. 19. Tecator Co., Herndon, VA. 20. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1984. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC. 21. Canadian Council on Animal Care. 1993. Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. 2nd ed. Bradda Printing Services, Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada. 22. SAS Institute. 1988. SAS/STAT User s Guide. Release 6.03 ed. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC. 23. Carew, L. B., Jr, F. W. Hill, and M. C. Nesheim. 1961. The comparative value of heated ground unextracted soybeans and heated dehulled soybean flakes as a source of soybean oil and energy for chicks. J. Am. Oil. Chem. 38:249 253. 24. Carew, L. B., Jr., and M. C. Nesheim. 1962. The effect of pelleting on the nutritional value of ground soybeans for the chick. Poult. Sci. 41:161 168. 25. Moran, E. T., Jr., J. Summers, and E. Larmond. 1973. Fullfat soybeans for growing and finishing large white turkeys. Poult. Sci. 52:1936 1941. Acknowledgments The authors greatly acknowledge the financial support of the Nova Scotia Agri-Focus 2000 Technology Development Program, the Ontario Soybean Growers Marketing Board, and the Canadian Turkey Marketing Agency. The technical assistance of Marg Clarke was greatly appreciated.