Monday, September 19 Please copy into your agenda: Monday: Finish Snapchat (due Tuesday) Advanced only-project part 2 (due Fri) Tuesday: Vocab bonds (due Wednesday) Wednesday: Human inheritance (due Thur) Friday: Punnett square how to guide (dues Tues)
Reminder: -Progress reports due today
When I call your table number, please grab your notebook from the counter. I will give score sheets back tomorrow.
How do we get our traits? Objective of the day... -Explain the basic principles of heredity -Distinguish between dominant and recessive traits -Distinguish between heterozygous and homozygous genotypes Mission: We will be incredible science students.
This silly monster has 1 eyeball. Having 1 eyeball (E) is dominant to having 2 eyes (e). What would the offspring look like if you crossed a purebred 1- eyeball monster with a 2-eyeball monster? If you crossed a 1-eyeball monster with a 2-eyeball monster and some of the baby monsters had 2- eyes, then what would you know that the genotype of the 1-eyeball monster is? If you crossed two 2-eyeball monsters, then what will the offspring look like?
This silly monster has horns. There are 2 alleles for the gene for horns 2 horns and 4 horns. If you crossed this monster with another that has 2 horns and some of the offspring had 4 horns then what would that tell you about these alleles? Which one is dominant and which is recessive? If you cross this monster with one that is purebred with 2-horns, then what would the offspring look like?
Add to Table of Contents Date Title Page # 9/19 Heterozygous/Homozygous 23
Homozygous: An organism that has 2 identical alleles for a trait Mendel used the word purebred Examples: TT or tt
Homozygous genotypes TT -or- tt SS -or- ss GG -or- gg RR -or- rr YY -or- yy PP -or- pp What trait will these show if they are homozygous?
Homozygous: These will show the dominant trait if they have 2 dominant alleles and they will show the recessive trait if they have 2 recessive alleles Examples: TT = tall or tt = short
Heterozygous: An organism that has 2 different alleles for a trait Mendel used the word hybrid Example: Tt
Heterozygous genotypes Tt Ss Gg Rr Yy Pp What trait will these show if they are heterozygous?
Heterozygous: These will show the dominant trait since that allele will mask the recessive allele Example: Tt = tall
SpongeBob practice complete with a partner
Ho He He Ho Ho He He Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho TT, DD, tt, dd, ff, bb, BB, FF Bb, Ff, Dd, Tt yellow yellow blue square square round
TT -or- Tt tt PP -or- Pp pp
Genetics Rules On your paper, write 3 rules to help you apply what we have learned so far about dominant and recessive alleles. Think about your vocabulary terms and use your genetics notes. What trait will something that is heterozygous show? What does it take to show a recessive trait? What impact does the genotype have on the phenotype? Try to move beyond just definitions. Ex: Rule #1 A homozygous dominant parent cannot produce any offspring that show recessive traits.
Genetics Rules Share your rules with everyone at your table. As you listen to others, you may change or revise your own rules As a group, determine which 1 rule you think is the most important. Write that on the whiteboard. Please write large enough that others can read but small enough that it will fit.
Examples: Rule #1 Two purebreds with opposite traits can only produce offspring that show the dominant trait Rule #2 2 recessive parents cannot produce an offspring with a dominant trait Rule # 3 An organism that shows a recessive trait must be homozygous Rule # 4 Any organism that is heterozygous cannot show the recessive trait and will only show the dominant trait
People don t spend a lot of time looking at Snapchat messages, so you have to figure out how to get your message across quickly.
Snapchat Assignment Due tomorrow On a piece of paper or as a PPT slide, create a Snapchat message that SHOWS and TELLS one of your genetics rules You may use your own rule or one from another table (just make sure to write it down) Your Snapchat should include a relevant picture and also text. The text should be no more than 20 words.
RR (R=round, r=wrinkled seed) A homozygous dominant parent cannot produce any offspring that show that recessive trait.
Tuesday, September 20 Write the date & question: 9/20: How many recessive alleles does an organism need to have in order to show a recessive trait. Please get out your homework (SnapChat), but don t turn it in yet.
Tuesday, September 20 Write the date & question: 9/20: How many recessive alleles does an organism need to have in order to show a recessive trait. 2
Share your SnapChat with your teammates at your table. Make sure that your name is on it and then please turn it in to the basket on the center table.
Alleles Exit Ticket
How do we get our traits? Objective of the day... -Explain the basic principles of heredity -Distinguish between dominant and recessive alleles and compare those to alleles that show incomplete or codominance -Identify phenotypes based on genotypes Mission: We will be incredible science students.
Add to Table of Contents Date Title Page # 9/20 Codominant alleles / Incomplete dominance 24 9/20 Blood types and gender 25
Sometimes alleles are neither dominant nor recessive this is called codominance or incomplete dominance
Codominant alleles are written as capital letters with superscripts. With codominant alleles, both traits are shown. Example: The color of chicken feathers is controlled by codominant alleles F B = black feathers F W = white feathers
F B = black F W = white Black F B F B White F W F W Black & White F B F W
With incomplete dominance we see a blending of traits. For instance, if you cross a red and a white flower you get a pink one.
R = red W = white Red RR White WW Pink RW
Find someone to talk to Silently, without talking, please quickly stand up and move to stand with a partner who does not sit at your table. The partner whose first name comes first alphabetically will be partner A. The other person is partner B.
Take turns reading and answering each question. 1. (partner A) If red (R) and white (W) are alleles that show incomplete dominance, then would a pink flower plant be homozygous or heterozygous? Explain. 2. (partner B) If you crossed 2 pink flowers, then what phenotype(s) could their offspring have? Explain. 3. (partner A) If black feathers (F B ) and white feathers (F w ) are codominant alleles, then what would the possible phenotype(s) be of chickens that are homozygous? Explain. 4. (partner B) Using the alleles in question 3, what would a heterozygous chicken look like? Explain. 5. (partner A) Summarize everything you know about codominant alleles. 6. (partner B) Summarize everything you know about incomplete dominance. Tell your partner thank you and have a seat please quickly and quietly.
Human Blood Types Alleles: I A, I B and i I A =type A I B =type B i=type O I A and I B are codominant i is recessive to those
Genotypes and Blood Types: A A B B AB O
Gender In humans, the 23 rd pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes. Males will have an X and a Y chromosome. (XY) Females will have X and X chromosomes. (XX) Show why there is a 50% chance of having either a girl or a boy when humans reproduce and have a baby. X Y X XX XY X XX XY Which parent determines what gender the baby will be? The father because he carries the Y chromosome
Tell what genotype(s) is/are possible Use your notes alleles Pod color yellow Seed shape round Pod shape smooth Flower color white Seed color yellow gg RR -or- SS -or- pp YY -or- Rr Ss Yy
Tell what phenotypes these create rr Ss PP Tt Rr Wrinkled seeds Smooth pods Purple flowers Tall plants Round seeds
Tell whether each of these statements is true or false. If it s false, then tell WHY (or why it s not possible). If it is true, then provide an example to show how it is possible. Remember that the alleles for pea plants (telling which are dominant and which are recessive) are in your notebook. You are not just telling true or false, but instead you are supporting those statements with evidence. Be ready to explain assigned question to the class.
a. Two parents that each show a recessive trait can never produce offspring together that show a dominant trait. b. Two parents that each show a dominant trait can never produce offspring together that show a recessive trait. c. A homozygous dominant tall pea plant is crossed with a heterozygous tall plant. There are some tall and some short plants produced. d. A heterozygous smooth pod plant is crossed with a pinched pea pod plant. It is possible that there are some smooth and pinched pea pod plants produced. e. We had a pea plant with green pods. We didn t know if it was homozygous or heterozygous so we crossed it with a plant with yellow pods. Some of the offspring were yellow. Now we know that the green pod parent was homozygous. f. A pea plant that produces white flowers must be heterozygous. A pea plant that produces purple flowers must be homozygous. g. If two pink flowers (red and white alleles show incomplete dominance) are crossed, they can only produce other pink flowers. h. If you had a black chicken and a black and white chicken, they could not produce a white offspring.
Example: A-Two parents that each show a recessive trait can never produce offspring together that show a dominant trait. This is TRUE because these parents only have the recessive alleles to pass down. In order to have an offspring that shows a dominant trait, at least one parent needs to have a dominant allele to pass down. Ex: tt + tt cannot make Tt or TT
Vocabulary assignment is due tomorrow
Vocabulary Bond Write 1 term in each box. On the lines then write down how the words relate to one another.
Heredity Heredity is the passing of genes from parents to offspring Understanding heredity can help us to understand how we get our phenotypes Genes Our genes determine our phenotype Phenotype
Wednesday, September 21 Write the date & question: 9/21: Give an example of a heterozygous genotype from the pea plants and tell what the phenotype would be. Please get out your homework (vocab), but don t turn it in yet.
Wednesday, September 21 Write the date & question: 9/21: Give an example of a heterozygous genotype from the pea plants and tell what the phenotype would be. (pg 22 has the alleles) Tt = tall; Ss = smooth pod; Gg = green pod; Rr = round seed; Yy = yellow seed; Pp = purple flower
Choir come to my room 7 th hour today
How do we get our traits? Objective of the day... -Identify phenotypes based on genotypes for a new baby Mission: We will be incredible science students.
a. Two parents that each show a recessive trait can never produce offspring together that show a dominant trait. True (dominant traits can t skip generations) b. Two parents that each show a dominant trait can never produce offspring together that show a recessive trait. False (if they are both heterozygous they can) c. A homozygous dominant tall pea plant is crossed with a heterozygous tall plant. There are some tall and some short plants produced. False (homozygous dominant parent cannot produce recessive trait in offspring) d. A heterozygous smooth pod plant is crossed with a pinched pea pod plant. It is possible that there are some smooth and pinched pea pod plants produced. True (both have a recessive allele to pass on) e. We had a pea plant with green pods. We didn t know if it was homozygous or heterozygous so we crossed it with a plant with yellow pods. Some of the offspring were yellow. Now we know that the green pod parent was homozygous. False (it must be heterozygous) f. A pea plant that produces white flowers must be heterozygous. A pea plant that produces purple flowers must be homozygous. False (to show recessive white flowers must be homozygous, to show dominant trait can be either homozygous ore heterozygous) g. If two pink flowers (red and white alleles show incomplete dominance) are crossed, they can only produce other pink flowers. False (with each having an R and a W allele, they could produce offspring with all 3 phenotypes) h. If you had a black chicken and a black and white chicken, they could not produce a white offspring. True (both parents would need to have the white allele to pass down and the black chicken does not have it)
Please turn your homework paper in to the basket on center table. Human inheritance questions will be due tomorrow. Put them into your folders for now so you don t lose them
Polygenic Trait Polygenic traits are those traits that are controlled by more than one gene. Such traits may even be controlled by genes located on entirely different chromosomes. Human height, eye, skin color and hair color are examples of polygenic traits. Write this definition on page 25 Do NOT lose the number that I am giving to you.
Congratulations!
Come back at the end and define these words after you have drawn your baby. Write as an If then because statement
When done, please put the penny back into the cup. Only flip the penny when determining what alleles the baby will inherit.
Be RESPECTFUL we don t tease or make fun of any traits. Circle the trait that the genotype makes
Just draw the head, not the entire body And, yes, your baby has hair!!! When done, please turn all 3 papers in together. Make sure that both partners names are on all of them.
Thursday, September 22 Write the date & question: 9/22 If a person shows a recessive trait, are they homozygous or heterozygous? How do you know? Please turn your homework (inheritance questions) into the basket on the center table. Make sure that your name is on it. I don t need the questions stapled to it.
Thursday, September 22 Write the date & question: 9/22 If a person shows a recessive trait, are they homozygous or heterozygous? How do you know? Homozygous because they must have 2 recessive alleles to show the recessive trait
Reminder: -Advanced project part 2 is due tomorrow (make sure I sign your choice board)
How do we get our traits? Objective of the day... -Identify genotypes based on phenotypes -Predict the outcome of genetic crosses Mission: We will be incredible science students.
10 mins finish baby drawings make sure that traits that your baby shows match the ones that you determined yesterday with the coin toss Complete vocab on page 1
Baby Reflection We used parents that were heterozygous for 27 different traits. How do you think that the variation in all of the offspring would change if these parents were homozygous for many of their traits instead of being heterozygous? Would it matter if they are homozygous for more dominant traits than recessive ones? What do you think would happen to the variation if we looked at more traits or less traits? Explain and provide examples to support your answer. Your answer should be 1 complete well-written paragraph.
Read pages 110-115 Answer the Check Your Reading questions (4 of them total) and review questions 1-5 on page 115 (9?s total)
Friday, September 23 Write the date & question: 9/23 Explain how the genotype of an organism determines its phenotype
Friday, September 23 Write the date & question: 9/23 Explain how the genotype of an organism determines its phenotype If an organism has a dominant allele in its genotype, then it will show the dominant trait as its phenotype. If an organism has 2 recessive alleles, then it will show the recessive trait as its phenotype.
Please turn your warm-ups in to the basket on the center table. Advanced please turn your Project part 2 in to the basket on the center table as well.
Does anyone have my sample notebook??!
How do we get our traits? Objective of the day... -Predict the outcome of genetic crosses Mission: We will be incredible science students.
Penny toss 1. When you toss a coin, what is the probability that your coin will land on heads? 2. Toss the coin 3 times. Count how many times it lands on heads or tails. Calculate the percent that were heads and tails. 3. Raise your hand if you got 50/50? 4. Toss the coin 20 times. Count how many times it lands on heads or tails. Calculate the percentage of heads and tails. 5. How did these results compare to those you predicted?
Gregor Mendel did many crosses and collected a lot of data. This data allowed him to determine that organisms have 2 alleles for each gene and that alleles can be dominant or recessive. In addition, he determined that each allele has a 50% chance of being passed from parent to offspring. Because of that, we can predict the outcome of genetic crosses using Punnett squares.
Add to Table of Contents Date Title Page # 9/23 Punnett squares 26
Probability and Genetics
Probability: The likelihood that a particular event will occur
Think About the Coin Toss? You had a 50% chance of getting heads each time and a 50% chance of getting tails each time The results of one event (toss) did not affect the results of the next event (toss) Your data may not have been exactly what you predicted 50% heads / 50% tails that s why this is PROBABILITY The more data you collect, the closer your actual results will be to the results predicted by probability Mendel had a lot of data to analyze
Mendel and Probability: Mendel was the first scientist to recognize that the principles of probability can be used to predict the results of genetic crosses
Punnett Square: A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
Geneticists use Punnett squares to show all of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross and to determine the probability of a particular outcome.
Each box represents one possible outcome of the cross. Therefore, each box below will represent a 25% CHANCE of that outcome. EVERY offspring that is created has 25% chance of having the genotype in each box.
Example: In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant to white (b). If you cross a purebred black guinea pig (BB) with a white guinea pig (bb), what is the probability that an offspring will have white fur?
Draw the Square There is a 0% chance of getting white
So How do you make Punnett Squares?
Back to Pea Plants!!! T = tall t = short Example: Tt x tt
This one is not on your paper Just watch please Draw the Square
Write the alleles of one parent along the side
Write the alleles of the other parent along the top
Fill in the alleles this is like a multiplication table
Fill in the alleles this is like a multiplication table
Fill in the alleles this is like a multiplication table
Fill in the alleles this is like a multiplication table
Now you can predict probability: T t Tt t Tt Every offspring that is created has a 25% chance of inheriting the genotype in each box. t tt tt 2 / 4 are tt (short) = 50% short
Now you can predict probability: T t Tt t Tt Every offspring that is created has a 25% chance of inheriting the genotype in each box. t tt tt 2 / 4 are Tt (tall) = 50% tall
In pea plant round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r). If Mendel crossed a heterozygous round seed plant with a wrinkled seed plant, what percent of offspring would you predict to be wrinkled seed plants?
Mendel crossed a purebred tall (T=tall, t=short) plant with a purebred short plant. Show this cross in the Punnett square below. What percent of offspring were likely tall?
What were the parent s genotypes? RR Rr Rr rr
Page 25 When can a person with type O blood have a child with type A blood? Can a person with AB blood have a child with type O blood? Explain why or why not. Can a person with type O blood have a child with type AB blood? Explain why or why not.
When can a person with type O blood have a child with type A blood? When the other parent is type A or type AB Can a person with AB blood have a child with type O blood? Explain why or why not. No they do not have a recessive O allele to pass down Can a person with type O blood have a child with type AB blood? Explain why or why not. No that person must be an A allele from one parent and a B allele from the other and type O people only have two O alleles
If you crossed this monster with one that is homozygous for same size of eyes, what is the likelihood that it will have different size eyes?
If this monster is heterozygous for having 3 toes and we cross him with a monster that has 7 toes, what is the likelihood that the little monsters will have 7 toes?
If we cross this monster with another one that has pointy ears, what is the likelihood that their baby monsters will have round ears?
Place the parents alleles outside of this Punnett square. Is this parent monster homozygous or heterozygous for 3- teeth? Tt Tt tt tt
Cross 2 white flower plants. Show what percentage of the offspring will be purple and what percentage will be white. Cross 2 heterozygous yellow seed plants. Show what percentage of the offspring will have yellow seeds and what percentage will have green seeds.
How to Guide (due Tues) Goal: Create a guide to show someone how to use a Punnett square to predict the outcome of a genetic cross. Be creative some ideas - comic strip, poster, brochure, sales ad, commercial, video Requirements: -Tell what a Punnett square is and what they are used for -Include step by step directions for how to create a Punnett square and explain what the information tells us about the probability of a certain outcome -Includes at least 3 examples (you can use the pea plants or silly monsters or human traits or make up your own) -Appropriately use all of these terms: purebred, homozygous, hybrid, heterozygous, gene, allele, dominant, recessive
Complete exit ticket Work on how to guide