1. The digestion and utilization of which nutrient creates the greatest need for osmoregulation by the kidneys? a. protein b. starch c. Fat d. Oil e. cellulose 2. Which of the following is true of urea? It is a. insoluble in water. b. more toxic to human cells than ammonia. c. the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. d. the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds. e. the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates. 3. The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule a. results from active transport. b. transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. c. is very selective as to which small molecules are transferred. d. is mainly a consequence of blood pressure force-filtering the fluid. e. usually includes the transfer of red blood cells to the nephron tubule. 4. Which part of the vertebrate nephron consists of capillaries? a. glomerulus b. loop of Henle c. distal tubule d. Bowman's capsule e. collecting duct 5. Which of the following normally contains blood? a. vasa recta b. Bowman's capsule c. loop of Henle d. proximal tubule e. collecting duct Refer to the figure below, a diagram of a renal tubule, to answer the following questions.
6. In which region would urine become more concentrated? a. I b. III c. IV d. V e. VII 7. In which region would nutrients be actively transported to the blood? a. I b. II c. IV d. V e. VI 8. Which structure passes urine to the renal pelvis? a. loop of Henle b. collecting duct c. Bowman's capsule d. proximal tubule e. glomerulus 9. Which structure descends deep into the renal medulla only in juxtamedullary nephrons? a. loop of Henle b. collecting duct c. Bowman's capsule d. proximal convoluted tubule e. glomerulus 10. All of the following are functions of the mammalian kidney except a. water reabsorption. b. filtration of blood. c. excretion of nitrogenous waste. d. regulation of salt balance in the blood. e. production of urea as a waste product of protein catabolism. 11. Which one of the following, if present in a urine sample, would likely be caused by trauma? a. amino acids b. glucose c. salts d. erythrocytes e. vitamins 12. A toxin that specifically blocks active transport in the loop of Henle might result in which of the following? a. a decrease in the interstitial concentration of NaCl b. a decrease in the filtrate concentration ability of the kidney c. an increase in the amount of interstitial urea to maintain interstitial osmolarity d. A and C only
e. A, B and C 13. Depending on salt intake and water availability, humans can produce urine that is a. hyperosmotic to body fluids. b. hypoosmotic to body fluids. c. isoosmotic to body fluids. d. A and B are true. e. A, B, and C are true. 14. What would account for increased urine production as a result of drinking alcoholic beverages? a. increased aldosterone production b. increased blood pressure c. decreased amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) d. increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule e. the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity 15. The secretion of hormone A causes a change in the amount of protein X in an organism. If this mechanism works by positive feedback, which of the following statements represents that fact? n increase in A produces an increase in X. b. An increase in X produces a decrease in A. c. A decrease in A produces an increase in X. d. A and B are correct. e. B and C are correct. 16. Which common event most closely resembles negative feedback? a. The water shuts off when the float rises in the tank of a toilet. b. The chlorine level of a swimming pool decreases when the chlorinator is turned off. c. The flame size on a gas stove changes when the gas is turned off. d. There is a continual buildup of moisture in a basement with a dehumidifier running. e. There is a decrease in water pressure when the faucet is slowly turned off. 17. Which example best describes a homeostatic control system? a. The core body temperature of a runner is allowed to gradually rise from 37 C to 45 C. b. The kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise. c. A blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water. d. The blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume. e. Motility in the digestive tract increases following a meal. 18. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? n increase in blood sugar concentration increases the amount of the hormone that stores sugar as glycogen. b. A decrease in blood sugar concentration increases the amount of the hormone that converts glycogen to glucose. c. An infant's suckling at the mother's breast increases the amount of the hormone that induces the release of milk from the mammary glands. d. An increase in calcium concentration increases the amount of the hormone that stores calcium in bone. e. A decrease in calcium concentration increases the amount of the hormone that releases calcium from bone.
19. How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback? a. Positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. b. In positive feedback, the effector's response is in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. c. In positive feedback, the effector increases some parameter (such as temperature), whereas in negative feedback it decreases. d. Positive feedback systems have effectors, whereas negative feedback systems utilize receptors. e. Positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems. 20. Consider a husband and wife sharing a bed, with each one having an electric blanket. Their controls become switched. When the husband feels cold, he turns up the control. This warms up his spouse, who turns down her control. This chills the husband, who turns up his control even more. The process continues. For both the wife and the husband, this would be an example of a. negative feedback. b. positive feedback. c. homeostasis. d. regulated change. e. integrated control. 21. Consider an ectotherm and an endotherm of equal body size. The ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than the endotherm because a. the ectotherm is sustained by a higher basal metabolic rate. b. the ectotherm will expend less energy/kg body weight than the endotherm. c. the ectotherm will invest little to no energy in temperature regulation. d. actually, assuming equal size, the ectotherm and the endotherm will have the same energy expenditures. e. both B and C 22. Terrestrial animals mainly exchange heat with the environment by all of the following physical processes except a. conduction. b. convection. c. evaporation. d. illumination. e. radiation. 23. Of the mechanisms by which organisms exchange heat with their surroundings, which one results only in loss of heat from the organism? a. conduction b. convection c. radiation d. evaporation e. metabolism 24. Which of the following is true about the activity levels of a snake? snake is less active in winter because the food supply is decreased. b. A snake is less active in winter because it does not need to avoid predators. c. A snake is more active in summer because that is the period for mating. d. A snake is more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction. e. A snake is more active in summer as a result of being disturbed by other animals.
25. Which organism is ectothermic and has little behavioral ability to adjust its body temperature? a. lizard b. sea star c. bluefin tuna d. hummingbird e. winter moth 26. All of the following are mechanisms of thermoregulation in terrestrial mammals except a. changing the rate of evaporative heat loss. b. changing the rate of metabolic heat production. c. changing the rate of heat exchange by conforming to environmental temperatures. d. changing the rate of heat loss by vasodilation and vasoconstriction. e. relocating to cool areas when too hot, or to warm areas when too cold. 27. Which of the following assertions about regulation of body temperature is true? a. Most animals are endotherms. b. Endothermy involves production of heat through metabolism. c. Ectothermic animals are cold-blooded. d. Mammals are always ectothermic. e. Insects are always ectothermic. 28. Most terrestrial animals dissipate excess heat by a. countercurrent exchange. b. acclimation. c. vasoconstriction. d. hibernation. e. evaporation. 29. Which of the following organisms controls its body temperature by behavior only? a. green frog b. penguin c. bluefin tuna d. house sparrow e. gray wolf 30. Most amphibians and land-dwelling invertebrates have what in common? a. They are ectothermic organisms. b. They use behavioral adaptations to maintain body temperature. c. When on land, most have a net loss of heat across a moist body surface. d. When in water, they are mainly thermoconformers. e. Invertebrates have nothing in common with amphibians when it comes to regulating body temperatures. 31. Where is the thermostat of vertebrates located? a. medulla oblongata b. thyroid gland c. hypothalamus d. subcutaneous layer of the skin e. liver
32. Which of the following is not an aspect of temperature acclimation? a. The increase in production of certain enzymes by cells. b. Cells may produce enzymes with different temperature optima. c. Organisms may adjust some of the mechanisms that control internal temperature. d. The proportion of saturated and unsaturated fats may change in cell membranes. e. Allowing denaturation of proteins that cannot withstand extreme temperature. Match the terms below to the following questions. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all A. ectothermy B. endothermy C. evaporation D. torpor E. thermogenesis 33. estivation b. B d. D 34. absorption of heat from the surroundings b.b d.d 35. process that occurs in the brown fat of some mammals b. B d. D 36. panting in dogs b.b d.d 37. fur and feathers b.b d.d
Use the figure below to answer the following questions 38. What does the difference in temperature between arteries and veins in the goose's legs indicate? a. The legs need to be kept cool so that muscles will function well. b.the feet need to be kept very warm so they do not freeze in water. c. Heat loss is proportional to the difference in temperature inside and outside, so minimizing the difference means the goose will lose less heat. d.arterial blood helps return heat to the core of the goose. e. Warm venous blood is necessary to keep the goose's feet from freezing. 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. a 6. e 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. e 11. d 12. e 13. e 14. c 15. a 16. a 17. b 18. c 19. b 20. b 21. e 22. d 23. d 24. d 25. b 26. c 27. b 28. e 29. a 30. a 31. c 32. e 33. d 34. a 35. e 36. c 37. b 38. c