Alfalfa Weed Control Research Update

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Alfalfa Weed Control Research Update Alfalfa and Forage Meeting September 18, 2015 Kurt Hembree Farm Advisor, UC Cooperative Extension, Fresno County

Website: cefresno.ucanr.edu Email: kjhembree@ucanr.edu Office: (559) 241-7520; Cell: (559) 392-6095

Weeds and their common impacts: Cheeseweed Dodder Fiddleneck Groundsel Hairy fleabane Henbit Horseweed Junglerice Knotweed Nettle Sowthistle Sprangletop Swinecress Nutsedge Yellow foxtail Stand development Yield TDN Palatability Poisonous Off-flavoring

Herbicides are commonly applied during the dormant period: Weed growth before dormant herbicides applied After dormant herbicides applied

% Control Previous work in dormant alfalfa: 100 80 % Alfalfa % Weeds 60 40 20 0 Roundup 0.5 lb ai/a Roundup 1 lb ai/a Roundup 2 lb ai/a Velpar+RU Velpar + Par Untreated Canevari; UCCE Emeritus Weeds: annual sowthistle, chickweed, burning nettle, malva, annual bluegrass.

We began conducting field trials in 2013 to evaluate the effect of dormant treatments of saflufenacil (Sharpen) on weed control, alfalfa injury, alfalfa re-growth, and yield. *Note: Sharpen was not registered in alfalfa in California at the time of these trials.

TONS/ACRE Alfalfa Tolerance to Sharpen Between Cuttings - 2013 MICK CANEVARI UCCE EMERITUS SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY Appl. A = 5/28/13; Sharpen @ 0.0445 lba/a.; All additives @ 1.0% V/V; All treatments AmmoSulfate @ 8.5lb/100gal

Regrowth rating Results in 2014 (KAC): 10 Effect of application timing on alfalfa regrowth 8 6 4 2 0 7 Dat 14 Dat 30 Dat Harvest Dec-13 Jan-14 Feb-14

Regrowth rating Results in 2014 (KAC): 10 Effect of herbicide on alfalfa regrowth 8 6 4 2 0 7 Dat 14 Dat 30 Dat Harvest Untreated Sharpen at 2 oz Sharpen at 4 oz Gramoxone at 32 oz

Alfalfa recovery in 2014 (KAC) (2 weeks after Feb application of Sharpen): Treated Dec 2013 Treated Jan 2014 Treated Feb 2014

Alfalfa recovery in 2014 (KAC) (2 weeks after Feb application): No herbicide Sharpen at 2 fl oz/a Sharpen at 4 fl oz/a Gramoxone Inteon at 32 fl oz/a

Alfalfa recovery in 2014 (KAC) (2 weeks before 1 st cutting): Treated Dec 2013 Treated Jan 2014 Treated Feb 2014

Alfalfa recovery in 2014 (KAC) (2 weeks before 2 nd cutting): Treated Feb 2014

Results 2014 (KAC): Effect of application timing on alfalfa stem count, height, and yield Timing Stem count 1 (at harvest) Harvest 2 weight (lbs) Crop height 3 (2 nd cutting) Crop height 3 (3 rd cutting) 1. A (Dec 13) 43.8 a 41.1 22.8 a 31.5 2. B (Jan 14) 44.1 a 40.8 21.8 a 31.2 3. C (Feb 14) 40.9 b 37.5 20.0 b 30.9 CV (%) LSD (p=0.05) 8.58 2.65 13.70 n.s. 8.97 1.39 6.26 n.s. 1 Number green, productive stems in a 1 ft 2 area, and based on three samples per sub-plot. 2 Wet weight in pounds, using a Cater plot harvester, swath 6 ft wide by 25 ft long. 3 Measured in inches from soil line to top of plant, and based on three samples per sub-plot.

Results 2014 (KAC): Effect of herbicide on alfalfa stem count, height, and yield Herbicide Rate/A Stem count 2 (at harvest) Harvest 3 weight (lbs) Crop height 4 (2 nd cutting) Crop height 4 (3 rd cutting) 1. No herbicide 0 44.5 a 43.6 a 22.8 30.1 2. Sharpen 1 2 fl oz 44.0 a 39.4 ab 21.2 31.5 3. Sharpen 1 4 fl oz 40.1 b 36.7 b 21.1 32.0 4. Gramoxone 1 32 fl oz 43.2 ab 39.6 ab 21.0 31.2 CV (%) LSD (p=0.05) 8.58 3.06 13.70 4.53 8.97 n.s. 6.26 n.s. 1 AMS added at 8.5 lb/100 gal + MSO at 1% v/v. 2 Number green, productive stems in a 1 ft 2 area, and based on three samples per sub-plot. 3 Wet weight in pounds, using a Cater plot harvester, swath 6 ft wide by 25 ft long. 4 Measured in inches from soil line to top of plant, and based on three samples per sub-plot.

Results 2014 (KAC): Effect of app timing and herbicide on weed control and plant composition Herbicide Rate/A Timing Weed cntrl 30 DAT Weed cntr at harvest Alfalfa DW (%) Weed DW (%) 1. No herbicide 0 A (Dec-13) 0.0 b 0.0 b 96.10 3.90 2. Sharpen 2 fl oz A (Dec-13) 10.0 a 10.0 a 100.00 0.00 3. Sharpen 4 fl oz A (Dec-13) 9.9 a 9.8 a 99.56 0.44 4. Gramoxone 32 fl oz A (Dec-13) 9.9 a 9.8 a 99.83 0.17 5. No herbicide 0 B (Jan-14) 0.0 b 0.0 b 97.47 2.53 6. Sharpen 2 fl oz B (Jan-14) 9.9 a 9.9 a 99.82 0.18 7. Sharpen 4 fl oz B (Jan-14) 9.9 a 9.8 a 99.82 0.18 8. Gramoxone 32 fl oz B (Jan-14) 9.9 a 9.9 a 100.00 0.00 9. No herbicide 0 C (Feb-14) 0.0 b 0.0 b 99.37 0.63 10. Sharpen 2 fl oz C (Feb-14) 10.0 a 10.0 a 100.00 0.00 11. Sharpen 4 fl oz C (Feb-14) 10.0 a 9.9 a 100.00 0.00 12. Gramoxone 32 fl oz C (Feb-14) 9.9 a 9.9 a 99.89 0.11 Statistical notation CV (%) LSD (p=0.05) 1.02 0.13 2.22 0.28 1.25 n.s. 182.68 n.s.

Weed control in 2014 (KAC) (after Jan treatment): No herbicide Sharpen at 2 fl oz/acre

Late-dormant Trial 2015 (KAC): Herbicide treatments and rates applied on 2/9/2015 Treat Herbicide Rate (product/acre) 1 Untreated 0 2 Sharpen + AMS + MSO 2 fl oz 3 Gramoxone Inteon + AMS + MSO 32 fl oz 4 Velpar + AMS + MSO 32 fl oz 5 Chateau + AMS + MSO 4 oz 6 Sharpen + Prowl H 2 O + AMS + MSO 2 fl oz + 64.0 fl oz 7 Sharpen + Prowl H 2 O + Velpar + AMS + MSO 2 fl oz + 64 fl oz + 32 fl oz 8 Sharpen + Velpar + AMS + MSO 2 fl oz + 32 fl oz 9 Chateau + Gramoxone Inteon + AMS + MSO 4 oz + 32 fl oz AMS = Ammonium sulfate used at 8.5 lbs/100 gal spray volume MSO = Methylated seed oil (Drexel by BASF) used at 1 % v/v Alfalfa had 3 to 4 re-growth at time of treatment

Results in 2015 (KAC): Weed control ratings on 2/23/15 (14 DAT) Shepherd spurse Prickly Annual Treatment Chickweed Swinecress Horseweed lettuce Fiddleneck bluegrass Untreated 0.0 c 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.0 e 0.0 c 0.0 b 0.0 c Sharpen 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Gramoxone Inteon 9.9 ab 10.0 a 9.3 b 8.8 c 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Velpar 9.9 ab 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Chateau 9.8 b 10.0 a 9.9 a 5.0 d 9.9 b 10.0 a 9.9 b Sharpen + Prowl H 2 O 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Sharpen + Prowl H 2 O + 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Velpar Sharpen + Velpar 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Chateau + 9.9 ab 10.0 a 9.9 a 9.6 b 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Gramoxone Inteon CV (%) LSD (p=0.05) 0.92 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.35 2.24 0.26 0.19 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.05 Weed control based on a visual rating scale of 0-10, where 0 = no control and 10 = 100% or perfect control.

Results in 2015 (KAC): Weed control ratings on 3/11/15 (28 DAT) Shepherd spurse Prickly Annual Treatment Chickweed Swinecress Horseweed lettuce Fiddleneck bluegrass Untreated 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.0 a 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 c Sharpen 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Gramoxone Inteon 9.9 a 10.0 a 9.1 b 8.3 b 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Velpar 9.9 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Chateau 9.9 a 10.0 a 9.9 a 3.0 c 10.0 a 10.0 a 9.9 b Sharpen + Prowl H 2 O 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Sharpen + Prowl H 2 O + 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Velpar Sharpen + Velpar 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Chateau + 9.9 a 10.0 a 9.7 a 8.7 b 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a Gramoxone Inteon CV (%) LSD (p=0.05) 0.76 0.10 0.00 0.00 3.52 0.44 6.26 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.05 Weed control based on a visual rating scale of 0-10, where 0 = no control and 10 = 100% or perfect control.

Injury rating Results in 2015 (KAC): 10 Alfalfa injury after late- dormant treatment 8 6 4 2 0 Untreated Sharpen Gramoxone Velpar Chateau Sharpen + Prowl Sharpen + Prowl + Velpar Sharpen + Velpar Chateau + Gramoxone 14 DAT 28 DAT

Growth rating Results in 2015 (KAC): 10 Alfalfa re-growth after late- dormant treatment 8 6 4 2 0 Untreated Sharpen Gramoxone Velpar Chateau Sharpen + Prowll Sharpen + Prowl + Velpar Sharpen + Velpar Chateau + Gramoxone 14 DAT 28 DAT

Results in 2015 at 28 DAT (KAC): UNT Sharpen Sharpen + Prowl H2O Chateau + Gramoxone

Summary Sharpen applied alone or mixed with other herbicides as a dormant treatment can provide excellent control of tough weeds like sowthistle, prickly lettuce, horseweed, nettle, and others. Sensitivity of alfalfa to Sharpen appears to be affected by timing of treatment and rate used. Delaying treatment with Sharpen until late Jan to early-feb may result in lower yields during the first cutting (at least in the lower SJV). Additional work is continuing with this and other herbicides.

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