Reproduction Puberty stage of growth and development where males and females become capable of producing offspring. Time of physical and emotional changes. Female *occurs between ages 8 -- 15 *estrogen hormone produced by ovaries Develop secondary sexual characteristics Breast development Pubic hair Menstrual cycle Increase height Softer skin Wider hips
Female Reproduction Ova- Female reproduction cells stored in the ovaries Estrogen (Hormone)- Organs mature, pubic and armpit hair, regulates release of eggs Menstruation- The process of shredding the lining of the uterus Menstrual Period- The time from the beginning of menstruation period to the onset of the next. Usually 28 days Ovulation- Ovaries begin the process of releasing one mature ovum each month
Vagina- Very muscular/elastic tube-like passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body. Ovaries- Female sex glands Function: House the ova and produce female hormones estrogen and progesterone Cervix- Neck of uterus dilates during birth to allow passage of baby Uterus- Strong elastic muscle about the size of a fist Function: Hold and nourish developing embryo and fetus Fallopian Tubes- Located on each side of the uterus, and are lined w/ cilia (tiny hair-like projections) where fertilization usually occurs
Mons Pubis- Rounded fatty pad of tissue, covered w/ pubic hair Labia Majora- Outer fold of tissue on either side of vaginal opening Labia Minora- Inner fold of tissue that extends forward forming a hood-like covering over the clitoris Clitoris- Small knob of tissue in front of the vaginal opening Function: sexual arousal
Female Concerns Infertility- Inability for a female to become pregnant Problems that can cause infertility: Blocked fallopian tubes- Causes are pelvic inflammatory disease or abdominal surgery. ***Leading cause of infertility*** Pelvic Inflammatory Disease- Infection of the fallopian tubes Endometriosis- Uterine tissue grows outside the uterus, often appearing on the ovaries, fallopian tubes and the abdominal cavity Problems related to menstruation: Menstrual cramps- Cramps in abdominal occur during menstrual period
Continued Types of cramps: Dysmenorrhea- Painful contractions lasting 1-2 days Amenorrhea- Lack of menstruation by age of 16 or stopping of cycle for 3 or more months (PMS) Premenstrual Syndrome- Symptoms are: nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, bloating, wt gain, depression, mood swings (TSS) Toxic Shock Syndrome- Caused by using tampons during period ~Bacteria produce a toxic poison that affects liver and the immune system Symptoms: vomiting, dizziness, rash, kidney and liver damage, diarrhea Yeast Infection- Fungus, thick white discharge, foul odor, and severe itching Sterility- Untreated STD, blockage of tubes, fertilization can not occur
Breast Cancer- Change in breast or nipple, lump or swelling in breast or armpit ~4000 women and 400 men will die this yr of breast cancer Mammogram- Test for breast cancer Cervical Cancer- Causes can include many sexual partners, early sexual activity, effects women between 20-30. Caused by HPV Pap Smear- Test to detect for abnormal cells in cervix Trichomoniasis- A vaginal infection that can lead to urethra and bladder infections Vaginitis- Most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age Symptoms: Discharge, odor, itching, pain Ovarian Cysts- Fluid-filled sacs on the ovary. Small non-cancerous, usually disappear on their own. Larger cysts may need surgery
Reproductive Health Female menstruation ova (egg) is not fertilized, uterine (endometrium) lining is discharged*pads/tampons to absorb flow 1. PMS Pre-menstrual Syndrome 2. Amenorrhea missed menstrual cycle Causes: Pregnancy, stress, Overtraining, poor health 3. TSS toxic shock syndrome: Bacterial infection Tampon use: not changed often enough 4. Yeast Infection: vaginal infection: Caused by fungus
b. Pelvic Exam examination of internal female reproductive organs 1. Pap smear cells scraped from cervix, checked for cancer c. Infertility inability to become pregnant 1. ova not released each month 2. fallopian tube blocked STD scarring PID 3. alcohol, marijuana, tobacco use d. Breast Cancer one of the most common cancers in females 1. monthly breast exams necessary for early detection
Male *occurs between ages 12 15 *testosterone hormone produced by testes Develop secondary sexual characteristics Increase height Facial, body, pubic hair Enlargement of penis, scrotum, testes Longer, heavier bones Deepening voice
2. Male a. Circumcision surgical removal of foreskin of penis 1. decrease risk of urinary infection, cancer *shmegma dead skin/secretions that collect under the foreskin b. Inguinal Hernia intestine pushes into the scrotum c. Testicular Cancer most common in males 15 34 1. testicular self exam male checks testes for Lumps d. Prostate Cancer slow growing 1. Digital Rectal Exam doctor inserts finger into rectum to examine internal organs e. Infertility ability to produce offspring is impaired 1. sperm not being produced Causes: mumps, injuries, STD s, hormone disorders
Epididymis: Stores newly produced sperm for about 64 days until fully matured. Vas Deferens :A pair of connecting tubes, each 18 inches long that lead up into the males body toward other internal organs. ~ Thick muscle walls of the Vas Deferens propel the sperm forward. Seminal Vesicles: Attached near the base of the bladder to the Vas Deferens. ~The fluid contains nutrients and mixes w/ sperm. Prostate Gland: Small gland that surrounds Urethra. Cowpers Gland: Two pea sized glands that open into Urethra, secrete a clear sticky fluid to cleanse the urethra of urine and left over sperm. Urethra: Tube-like organ that travels through the penis, carries sperm and urine. ~Semen and urine do not pass through the body at same time. ~A muscle near the bladder contracts, preventing urine from entering urethra.
Ejaculation: Fluid from prostate, fluid from seminal vesicles and 300-400 million sperm all combine to make semen Semen: a thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from male reproduction organs. Fertilization: Is the union of a reproduction cell from a male and one from a female. Foreskin- penis is covered w/ a fold of skin at birth. Circumcision: Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.
Hernia: Part of the body pushes through the muscle wall normally keeping it in. (Example: Inguinal Hernia- part of the intestine pushes through into scrotum. *Surgery is need to correct.) Sterility: Sperm is weak, malformed, sparse or nonexistent. Fertilization does not occur. ~Causes- Exposure to chemicals, smoking, STD s, malfunction of one of the internal organs. Prostate Cancer: Uncontrolled growth of cells. ~Treatments- Removal of prostate or radiation therapy and hormonal therapy. Testicular Cancer: Signs- Enlargement of testicles, lump or fluid collection, dull ache in the lower abdominal or groin area. ~Frequently males 15-35.