Core Concepts in Hypertension in Kidney Disease

Core Concepts in Hypertension in Kidney Disease

Ajay K. Singh Rajiv Agarwal Editors Core Concepts in Hypertension in Kidney Disease

Editors Ajay K. Singh Global and Continuing Education Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA Rajiv Agarwal VA Medical Center Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA ISBN 978-1-4939-6434-5 ISBN 978-1-4939-6436-9 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-6436-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016950860 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York

Preface Hypertension is ubiquitous in chronic kidney disease (CKD); textbooks on hypertension in CKD are not. The specialist wants to master the art of managing hypertension in CKD, yet there are few resources to go to. This book, we hope, fills the vacuum for the specialist who wants a comprehensive review of hypertension in CKD. In approaching the difficult task to fill this void, we created topics that would have minimal overlap among them and asked each of the authors to provide a comprehensive, yet succinct, narrative on the subject. Authors need little introduction as they are respected authorities in the field from around the world; we are grateful for their efforts in creating this text. As editors, we did not try to change their opinions even when our approach may have been different because the evidence base for practice is often thin and opinion-based. We did ask our authors to rationalize their unique approach in the hopes that this would allow the readers to appreciate the variations in practice among authorities. Books are old-fashioned and often have the quality of being outdated even before they are published. So we may ask: why do we still read books? There is something real about holding a book; the smell of paper, turning the pages, highlighting, and making notes allow us to develop a GPS image in our brains; it provides a connection with the material that we feel is not possible with electronic texts. We are decidedly old-fashioned when it comes to touching real paper and learning by reading books on paper. This book is written with primarily the renal fellow or a practicing nephrologist in mind. The renal fellow may want to master the subject and read the book cover to cover in bite-sized chapters. The practicing nephrologist may simply want to review a few areas of interest to her. Each chapter stands on its own, and the book, in order to be understood, does not need to be read from the first page to the last. We owe a debt of gratitude to our wives, Anuja and Ritu, while we took time to edit this work. The editorial team at Springer, in particular Barbara Lopez-Lucio, v

vi Preface gets a big thank you from us for keeping us on track; without the editorial team (and Barbara in particular), there was little hope of creating this textbook. Lastly, we hope that our daughters, Radhika and Anika, both medical students, and Vikrum and Nikki, will join them in reading this text (and approve of it). Boston, MA, USA Indianapolis, IN, USA Ajay K. Singh Rajiv Agarwal

Contents 1 Epidemiology of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease... 1 Angela Yee-Moon Wang 2 Assessment of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease... 15 Aldo J. Peixoto 3 Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis... 35 Karen A. Griffin, Aaron J. Polichnowski, and Anil K. Bidani 4 Syndromes of Renovascular Hypertension... 63 Sandra M. Herrmann and Stephen C. Textor 5 Resistant Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease... 85 Panagiotis I. Georgianos and Pantelis A. Sarafidis 6 Hypertension in Pregnancy... 107 Sharon Maynard 7 Hypertension in the Dialysis Patient... 133 Arjun D. Sinha 8 Hypertension in the Kidney Transplant Recipient... 167 Sebastian Varas and John Vella 9 Hypertensive Urgencies and Emergencies... 203 Hina K. Trivedi, Dipti Patel, and Matthew R. Weir 10 Management of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease... 219 Jordana B. Cohen and Raymond R. Townsend 11 Genetic Syndromes of Renal Hypertension... 237 Hakan R. Toka 12 Drug-Induced Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease... 261 Alfred A. Vichot and Mark A. Perazella vii

viii Contents 13 Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease... 299 Susan M. Halbach and Joseph T. Flynn 14 Devices to Treat Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease... 321 George Thomas Index... 341

Contributors Anil K. Bidani, MD Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital and Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA Jordana B. Cohen, MD Renal, Electrolyte, Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Joseph T. Flynn, MD, MS Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA Panagiotis I. Georgianos, MD, PhD AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Karen A. Griffin, MD Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital and Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA Susan M. Halbach, MD, MPH Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA Sandra M. Herrmann, MD Nephrology and Hypertension Division, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Sharon Maynard, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA, USA Dipti Patel, MD Department of Nephrology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA Aldo J. Peixoto, MD Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Nephrology), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA ix

x Contributors Mark A. Perazella, MD, MS Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA Aaron J. Polichnowski, PhD Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital and Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA Pantelis A. Sarafidis, MD, MSc, PhD Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Arjun D. Sinha, MD, MS Division of Nephrology, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, University of Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Stephen C. Textor, MD Nephrology and Hypertension Division, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA George Thomas, MD, FACP Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Hakan R. Toka, MD, PhD Graduate Medical Education, Manatee Memorial Hospital, Bradenton, FL, USA Raymond R. Townsend, MD Renal, Electrolyte, Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Hina K. Trivedi, DO Department of Nephrology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA Sebastian Varas, MD Division of Nephrology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA John Vella, MD, FRCP, FACP, FASN Maine Transplant Program, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA Alfred A. Vichot, MD Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Angela Yee-Moon Wang, MBBS, MD, PhD, FRCP Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Matthew R. Weir, MD Department of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA