Preface p. xi Acknowledgments p. xvi About the Authors p. xvii Deaf Culture: Yesterday and Today p. 1 Deaf Community: Past and Present p. 3 The Deaf Community and Its Members p. 8 Deaf Children of Culturally Deaf Parents p. 8 Deaf Children of Hearing Parents p. 9 Hearing Members in Deaf Families p. 10 Hard-of-Hearing Individuals p. 10 Late-Deafened Individuals p. 11 Deaf Blind Persons p. 11 Multiple Communities p. 12 Demographics p. 12 Historical Highlights p. 13 Contemporary Descriptions p. 20 Deaf hood p. 21 Deaf Gain p. 21 Deaf Ethnicity p. 22 People of the Eye p. 23 Conclusions p. 23 References p. 24 Causes of Being Deaf and Auditory Innovations p. 27 Determining One's Hearing Level p. 27 Audiologists and Audiograms p. 27 Hearing Levels and Labels p. 35 What Causes Changes in Hearing Levels? p. 36 Genetic Causes p. 36 Acquired Loss p. 36 Conductive Loss p. 37 Sensorineural Loss p. 37 History of Auditory Technology p. 38 Current Auditory Innovations and Rehabilitation p. 40 Hearing Level Screening p. 41 Hearing Aids p. 44 Cochlear Implants p. 45 Cochlear Implant Controversy p. 48 Genetic Engineering p. 49 Genetic Controversy p. 50 Conclusions p. 52 References p. 52
Signed Languages and Learning p. 57 American Sign Language p. 59 Background of ASL and Other Sign Languages p. 59 French Roots p. 59 Native American Roots p. 61 The Role of Gestures and Home Signs p. 62 New England Roots p. 63 ASL Beyond the U.S. and Canadian Borders p. 64 Sign Languages Used Globally p. 65 How Sign Languages Are Spread p. 65 Learning ASL p. 66 ASL for Hearing People p. 67 ASL L2 Learning Strategies p. 68 ASL Content and Structure p. 68 ASL Content p. 69 ASL as a Linguistic Science p. 70 ASL Structure p. 72 ASL Phonology p. 72 ASL Morphology p. 73 ASL Grammar p. 74 ASL Discourse p. 75 The Manual Alphabet p. 75 Modality, Iconicity, and Dialect p. 76 Modality p. 78 Visual-Gestural and Oral-Aural: A Comparison p. 78 Tactile Modality p. 78 Writing Modality p. 80 Iconicity p. 80 Dialect p. 81 Black American Sign Language p. 81 Visual Modes of Communication p. 82 ASL Literacy and Literature p. 82 Conclusions p. 83 References p. 83 Deaf Education and Deaf Culture p. 87 Early Identification and Parents p. 88 Special Education Legislation p. 89 The Manual/Oral Controversy p. 92 Communication and Language Approaches p. 94 ASL/English Bilingual Approach p. 96 Bimodal Bilingual Approach p. 97
Total Communication Approach p. 98 Contact Signing p. 98 Manual Codes of English p. 99 Simultaneous Communication (SimCom) p. 99 Cued Speech p. 101 Monolingual Oral/Aural Approaches p. 101 Background Characteristics of Deaf Students p. 103 Hearing Loss, Age of Onset, Etiology, Additional Disabilities, Ethnicity, and Parent Hearing Status p. 103 School Sites p. 105 State or Center Schools for the Deaf p. 105 Day Schools p. 106 Self-Contained Classes p. 107 Inclusion, Mainstreaming, Itinerant, and Coenrollment Programs p. 107 Charter Schools and Alternative Educational Approaches p. 108 Juvenile Corrections p. 109 Advantages and Disadvantages p. 110 Academic Achievement, Teacher and Educational Interpreter Quality p. 110 Integrating ASL and Deaf Culture Into the School Curriculum p. 112 Role of Deaf Teachers and Deaf Professors p. 115 After High School p. 116 Technology p. 116 In the Classroom p. 116 Deaf Space in Classrooms and Schools p. 118 Classroom, School Acoustics, and Auditory Technology p. 118 Conclusions p. 119 References How Deaf Children Think, Learn, and Read p. 125 Thinking, Learning, and Culture p. 126 Intelligence p. 126 IQ Tests p. 126 Thought and Language p. 128 Cognitive Abilities p. 128 Visual Attention, Imagery, and Visual Spatial Skills p. 129 Memory and Learning p. 130 Metacognition p. 131 Theory of Mind p. 132 Executive Functioning p. 132 Language Pathways p. 133 Early Gestures, Family Communication, and Play p. 134 ASL, Spoken Language, and Hearing Milestones p. 136 The Brain, Bimodal Bilingualism, and Sign Language p. 138
ASL/English Bilingualism, Literacy, and Outcomes p. 139 What Is ASL/English Bilingualism? p. 139 The Case Against ASL/English Bilingualism p. 141 ASL/English Bilingual Framework and Strategies p. 141 Reading and Deaf Students p. 142 Frameworks Providing Full, Natural Access to Language p. 144 Outcomes p. 146 Signing, Literacy, and Cochlear Implants p. 148 Cochlear Implant Benefits and Challenges p. 148 Outcomes p. 149 Conclusions p. 150 References p. 150 Deaf Lives, Technology, Arts, and Career Opportunities p. 157 Deaf Identities p. 159 Deaf Identities p. 161 Categories of Deaf Identities p. 163 Disability Framework p. 163 Social Identity Theory p. 164 Racial Identity Development Framework p. 165 Deaf Identity Development Framework p. 166 Acculturation Model p. 170 The Narrative Approach p. 173 Intersectionality p. 174 Ethnicity/Race p. 175 Sexual Orientation p. 176 Disability p. 177 Conclusions p. 178 References p. 178 Navigating Deaf and Hearing Worlds p. 181 Forms of Discrimination p. 182 Resilience p. 184 The Role of Relationships in Strengthening Resilience p. 185 The World of Work p. 188 Health Issues p. 190 Mental Health Issues p. 191 Domestic Violence p. 194 Criminal Justice Issues p. 195 Aging Issues p. 196 Conclusions p. 198 References p. 198 Technology and Accessibility p. 201
History: Foundations for Access p. 202 Deaf Community and Access p. 203 Captions p. 204 Telephones p. 211 Alerting Devices or Systems p. 218 Wake-Up Devices p. 220 Baby Alerting Devices p. 221 Residential Security and Alarm Systems p. 223 Emergency Announcements p. 223 Assistive Systems and Devices p. 224 Innovative Technology p. 226 Conclusions p. 231 References p. 231 Arts, Literature, and Media p. 237 Arts p. 237 Visual and Tactile Arts p. 238 De'VIA p. 240 Performing Arts p. 244 Deaf Theater p. 244 Deaf in Television and Movies p. 246 Deaf Music and Dancing p. 248 Literature p. 252 Literature in the Deaf Community p. 253 ASL Literature p. 253 Deaf Literature: English p. 256 Online ASL and Deal Literature p. 259 Media p. 263 Deaf Images: Digital Arts and Photography p. 264 Deaf Motion: Cinema and Film p. 266 Conclusions p. 268 References p. 268 Advocating and Career Opportunities p. 273 Deaf-Heaving Collaboration p. 274 Career Possibilities p. 276 Interpreters p. 276 Teachers p. 278 Early Childhood Educators p. 280 Audiologists p. 281 Speech and Language Therapists p. 283 Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors and job Coaches p. 284 Mental Health Service Providers p. 285
Hotline Volunteer p. 286 Clinical Mental Health Counselor p. 286 School Counselor p. 286 Social Work p. 287 Clinical Psychology p. 287 Emergency Medical Technicians p. 288 Other Career Possibilities p. 289 Conclusions p. 289 References p. 289 Final Thoughts on Deaf Culture and Its Future p. 291 References p. 296 Index p. 299 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.