Bio 12- Ch. 21: Reproductive System 21.1- Male Reproductive System o Male anatomy o Testes and how they relate to sperm production and male sex hormones o Hormone regulation in males 21.2- Female Reproductive System o Female anatomy o External genetals and orgasm 21.3- Female Hormone Levels o Hormonal control of the uterine cycle, ovarian cycle, and maintaining pregnancy o Hormones that control the sex characteristics of females 21.4- Control of Reproduction o Birth control and conceiving methods 21.5- Sexually transmitted diseases Similarities and differences between males and females, but same goal: Primary sex organs: in males in females These produce the (sex cells) in males (egg) in females Endocrine function also: secretion of hormones Accessory sex organs Internal glands and ducts External genitalia 12.1 Male Reproductive System: Organ Function Produce Sperm and sex hormone Duct when sperm mature and are stored Conducts and store sperm Contributes nutrients and fluid to semen Contributes basic fluid to semen Conducts sperm Contributes mucoid fluid to semen Organ of sexual intercourse Path of sperm: Page 1 of 5
Male Gonads: The Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Location: outside the abdominal cavity in the because inside temp. is too high for viable sperm scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes Composition: (tightly coiled tubules) contains cells undergoing (production of sperm) Hormone Regulation in Males Male sex hormones = secreted by in the testes is the most important androgen brings about and maintains male secondary sex characteristics: Bone density > females/ heavier muscle mass Height > females/ longer legs Broader shoulders Deeper voice Facial/Chest hair = increase these characteristics, but eventually hormonal imbalances cause testes to shrink in size and feminization of other male traits Page 2 of 5
21.2 Female Reproductive System Organ Function Produces egg and sex hormones Conducts egg; location of fertilization Houses developing fetus Contains opening to uterus Receives penis during sexual intercourse; serves as birth canal and exit for menstrual flow Path of the egg: 21.3 Female Hormone Levels Structure of the Ovary: Consists of and Cortex contains many each containing an immature egg Females are born with ~ 2 million follicles, only 1 egg/month matures during reproductive years Oocytes age as women age, which is why older women have a higher chance of producing children with genetic defects Page 3 of 5
The Ovarian Cycle: = female sex hormones that affect the endometrium and cause the uterine cycle (Days 1-13) FSH secretion begins Follicle maturation occurs Estrogen secretion is prominent (Day 14) LH spike occurs (Day 15-28) LH secretion continues Corpus luteum forms Progesterone secretion is prominent Pituitary Hormones : : follicle stimulating hormone : luteinizing hormone The Uterine Cycle: (Days 1-5) endometrium breaks down (Days 6-13) endometrium rebuilds due to estrogen production (Days 15-28) Endometrium thickens and glands are secretory due to increase production of progesterone Menstruation:, mucus and blood are shed = enzyme released by dying cells that prevents blood clotting Why is it painful? Prostaglandin levels are higher causes muscle contractions Did you know the pain of period cramps can be reduced with a diet high in fiber (fruit and vegetables), natural bacteria (yogurt), and! Fertilization and Pregnancy: If of the oocyte occurs in the fallopian tubes between days 14-22, an begins to develop The developing embryo implants in the (lining of the uterus) The placenta, originates from both fetal and maternal tissues and produces human chorionic gonadotropin ( ) which maintains the corpus luteum in the ovary until the placenta is developed enough to produce its own estrogen & progesterone (the pregnancy hormone) Pregnancy tests look for (a molecule present only during pregnancy no false positives) do 2 things: 1. Stop anterior pituitary from maturing a new follicle 2. Maintain the endometrium Page 4 of 5
21.4 Controlling Reproduction Birth Control Methods Abstinence = most reliable Contraceptives (medication & devices that reduce chance of pregnancy) Oral Contraceptive (Birth control pill) Intrauterine device (IUD) Female and male condom Contraceptive implants Contraceptive Injections & Vaccines Most contraceptives are not 100% reliable, and they do not protect from STD s. Also, some increase your risk of cancer and decrease future fertility. 21.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) HIV Infections Genital herpes Genital warts Hepatitis Infections Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) Page 5 of 5