Neuron Capillary Astrocyte Microglial cell Neuron Fluid-filled cavity Process of oligodendrocyte Ependymal cells Brain or spinal cord tissue Myelin sheath Nerve fibers Figure 15.1 Transparency Master 114
Dendrite Nucleus of cell body Axon covered with myelin sheath and neurilemma Myelin sheath Schwann cell Nissl bodies Neurofibrils Axon hillock Neurilemma (sheath of Schwann) Collateral branch Node of Ranvier Axonal terminals Figure 15.2 Transparency Master 115
Cell body Dendrites Trigger zone Axon Dendrite Cell body Dendrites Trigger zone Cell body Axon Trigger zone Axon Axon terminal Axon terminal Axon terminal Multipolar neuron Bipolar neuron Unipolar neuron Figure 15.3 Transparency Master 116
Direction of nerve impulse Axon Axonal terminal Mitochondrion Vesicles containing neurotransmitter chemicals Presynaptic membrane Synaptic cleft Membrane of postsynaptic neuron Figure 15.5 Transparency Master 117
Membrane potential in millivolts (mv) +30 +20 +10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Stimulus a b c d e Depolarization phase Repolarization phase Afterhyperpolarizing phase Threshold Resting membrane potential Time in milliseconds (msec) Figure 15.6 Transparency Master 118
Neurilemma Myelin sheath Plasma membrane Schwann cell cytoplasm Nucleus Schwann cells that make up the myelin sheath Axon at node of Ranvier Figure 15.7 Transparency Master 119
Dorsal root n. 11T Dura mater 11 12 13 T11 T12 T13 N. 1L Ventral br. Dorsal br. 1L 2 L1 L2 3 4 L3 5 6 7 1S 2 3 L4 L5 Segment 1Cy Segment 5Cy L6 N. 7L N. 1S Cauda equina L7 S1, 2, 3 N. 1Cy N. 5Cy Caudal ligament Cy1 Cy2 Cy3 Cy4 Cy5 Cy6 Figure 15.8 Transparency Master 120
Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system Somatic motor neuron Sympathetic neuron Parasympathetic neuron Preganglionic neuron Acetylcholine Synapse in ganglion or sympathetic chain Postganglionic neuron Acetylcholine Skeletal muscle Norepinephrine Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, organs, and glands Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Synapse at target tissue Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, organs, and glands Figure 15.15A Transparency Master 121
PARASYMPATHETIC SYMPATHETIC Eye, tear glands, and salivary glands Zygomatic gland Sublingual salivary gland Parotid salivary gland Mandibular salivary gland Ciliary ganglion Pterygopalatine ganglion Mandibular ganglion Otic ganglion CN X CN III CN VII CN VII CN IX C1 Neck Forelimb C7 T1 Midbrain Pons Medulla Heart Lungs Liver Lungs Heart Body wall Stomach Spleen Diaphragm Liver Pancreas Intestines Kidney Bladder Stomach Spleen Hindlimb T13 L1 L7 S1 S3 S2 Pancreas Large intestine Small intestine Kidney Bladder Perineum Preganglionic neurons Postganglionic neurons Sympathetic chain Celiac ganglion Cranial mesenteric ganglion Caudal mesenteric ganglion Figure 15.15B Transparency Master 122
Cerebellum Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Prefrontal area Olfactory tract Olfactory bulb Medulla oblongata Temporal lobe Piriform lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Figure 15.16 Transparency Master 123
Integument Cranium Superior sagittal sinus Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Subarachnoid space Pia mater Arteria Vena Cortex Medulla Figure 15.17 Transparency Master 124
Gyrus (gyri (pl.)) Sulcus (sulci (pl.)) Longitudinal fissure Cerebral hemisphere Pineal gland Rostral colliculus Caudal colliculus Transverse fissure Cerebellum Vermis of the cerebellum Medulla oblongata Figure 15.19 Transparency Master 125
Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract (CN I) Optic nerve (CN II) Tuber cinereum Cerebral peduncle Pons Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Facial nerve (CN VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) Pyramids Medulla oblongata Basilar artery Optic chiasm Infundibulum Mammillary body Olfactory nerve (CN III) Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Abducens nerve (CN VI) Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Vagus nerve (CN X) Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Figure 15.22 Transparency Master 126
Cerebrum Pineal gland Corpus callosum Rostral colliculi Caudal colliculi Cerebellum Septum pellucidum (divides left and right lateral ventricles) Fornix Olfactory bulb Arbo vitae of cerebellum Massa intermedia of the thalamus Optic chiasm Third ventricle Central canal Infundibulum Mamillary body Pituitary gland Spinal cord Fourth ventricle Pons Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) Cerebral peduncle Medulla oblongata Figure 15.24 Transparency Master 127
Dorsal funiculus Dorsal medial sulcus Dorsal root White matter White columns Lateral funiculus Ventral funiculus Ventral medial sulcus Central canal Gray matter Ventral root Ventral spinal artery Figure 15.26 Transparency Master 128
5. Effector (same muscle, the agonist muscle) contracts and relieves the stretching 1. Stretching stimulates sensory receptor (muscle spindle) Antagonist muscle relaxes Agonist muscle contracts 2. Sensory neuron excited Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal root 3. Within the integrating center (spinal cord) the sensory neuron activates the motor neuron to the agonist muscle via an excitatory interneuron, while an inhibitory interneuron prevents an impulse to the antagonist muscle To brain 4. Motor neuron excited Motor neuron to antagonist muscle is inhibited Spinal nerve Ventral root Inhibitory interneuron Excitatory interneuron Figure 15.27 Transparency Master 129