Subject Index Actinin, ACTN3 alleles and muscle function 146 Aging cognition, see Dementia omega-6/omega-3 balance studies 17 Agribusiness, see Food industry Alzheimer s disease (AD) ApoE4 92 fatty acid studies intervention studies 94, 95 mechanisms in dementia 93 observational studies 94 studies 26, 27 American Heart Association, polyunsaturated fatty acid intake recommendations 68 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), alleles and exercise performance 145, 146 Angiotensinogen, alleles and cardiorespiratory performance 145 APOA5, polymorphisms in triglyceride determination 152, 154 ApoE polymorphisms in exercise adaptation 147 Aristotle, climate change view 6 9 Aristotle (poem) XXII Aristotle s Arietta (poem) XXII Atherosclerosis, see also Coronary heart disease linoleic acid role 15 nutrients as environmental factors in transition from genotype to phenotype 150, 151 nutrigenetics in cardiovascular disease examples 151 triglycerides and gene polymorphisms 151 154 studies 25 phenotype as product of gene/environment interactions 150 Athletics, see Exercise adaptation Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), fatty acid intervention studies 103, 104 Australia, see Climate change Bipolar disorder, fatty acid intervention studies 108 Breast cancer, polyunsaturated fatty acids dietary studies 157 160, 166 gene-diet interactions 160, 161, 165 Breastfeeding, Sweden 77 Calorie restriction (CR), Okinawan diet 116, 117 Cancer, see also Breast cancer; Prostate cancer conventional cholesterol recommendations and risks 125 studies 24, 25 omega-3 fatty acid protection mechanisms 167, 168 Cannabinoid receptor, omega-3 fatty acids in stress response 49, 50 Carbon dioxide, see Climate change Carbon offsetting 221 223 Cardiovascular disease, see Atherosclerosis; Coronary heart disease; Stroke Chilean diet demographics 57 dietary surveys 60 fish industry 59, 60, 70 food budget 60, 61, 70 oil and fat consumption 57, 58 omega-6/omega-3 balance 61 68, 70 China, see Climate change 268
Cholesterol conventional recommendations and cancer/heart disease risks 125 intake effects on total cholesterol levels 125 Japanese guidelines for longevity all-cause mortality as endpoint for total cholesterol level 128, 129 animal fat versus plant fat intake 133, 134 dietary fatty acids 131, 132 dietary recommendations for high-risk populations 132 lipid nutrition recommendations 134, 135 origins 124 precautions following authoritative organization guidelines 134 statins in middle age 129 131 triglyceride levels 131 lipid hypothesis 124 stroke protection 132, 133 total cholesterol and heart disease risks 125 128 Climate change, see also Urban design Aristotle view 6 9 Australia-New Zealand demographics 192, 193, 195 food and nutrition security effects 195 198 food production climate change effects 194, 195 overview 193, 194 management and mitigation 198, 199 carbon neutral olive oil 221, 222 China agriculture effects 176 178 aquaculture effects 178 180 livestock effects 180 sustainable development challenges 180, 181 warming data 175, 176 disease impact 172, 173 Mediterranean basin food quality effects carbon dioxide increase 204, 205 temperature increase 203, 204 food security effects 205, 206 health-oriented agriculture 209 Mediterranean diet and acclimation advantage 207 208 overview 201 203 sustainable development challenges 206, 207 methane output correlation with milk fatty acid composition 212, 214 216 south-east Asia food production and productivity effects 184 186 food safety effects 187 189 food security effects 186, 187 management and mitigation 190 nutrition security effects 189, 190 overview 183 vulnerability 184 Cognition, see also Alzheimer s disease dementia overview 92, 93 fatty acid studies intervention studies 94, 95 mechanisms in dementia 93 observational studies 94 obesity protection of dementia 100 Conference of the parties (COP) 8 Coronary heart disease (CHD), see also Atherosclerosis conventional cholesterol recommendations and risks 125 linoleic acid analysis observational studies composition of different brands of similar food items 38 40 Health Professional Follow-up Study 35 37, 39, 40 Nurses Health Study 35 37, 39, 40 strengths and limitations 40, 41 randomized controlled trials Gordon meta-analysis of cholesterol-lowering and mortality 31 healthy observer effect 41 Jakobsen pooled analysis 34, 35 Mozaffarian et al. meta-analysis of total polyunsaturated fatty acids 31 34 overview 30 Ramsden et al. meta-analysis 34 Cow s milk fatty acids flax effects in diet 214, 215, 217, 218 processing effects 214 profile 213, 214, 216 methane output correlation with milk fatty acid composition 212, 214 216 nutritional benefits of flax feed 217, 218 Creatine kinase, CKMM alleles and cardiorespiratory performance 145 Subject Index 269
Cyclooxygenase, COX-2 polymorphisms in prostate cancer 164, 166, 168 Dementia, see Cognition Depression major depressive disorder correlational studies 104 fatty acid intake studies 101, 104 fatty acid intervention studies 104, 105 postpartum depression and dietary fatty acids 105 108 Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, omega-3 fatty acid desaturase transgenic mouse studies 23 Diabetes exercise adaptation 147 studies 25, 26 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, polyunsaturated fatty acid intake recommendations 68, 69 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) determination 139, 141 stress response studies 49, 50 Dutch famine, programming of adult diseases 78, 100 Edible Campus, see Urban design Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) determination 141 α-linolenic acid effects 16 membrane incorporation inhibition by linoleic acid 15, 16 stress response studies 49, 50 Exercise adaptation adiposity phenotypes 146, 147 cardiorespiratory phenotypes 144 146 diabetes and insulin resistance 147 lipoproteins and lipids 147 muscle function phenotypes 146 overview 144 prospects for genetic studies 148 Familial hypercholesterolemia coronary heart disease risks 125 128 dietary recommendations 132 fat-1, see Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase Flax, cow feed and effects on fatty acid profile 14, 215, 217, 218 Food industry food labeling 249 functional foods 249 junk food and recommendations 250 marketing 249, 250 western diet 248, 249 French diet nutrition and health survey 82 nutritional intervention trials to reduce omega-6/ omega-3 ratio healthy subjects 84 86 Lyon Diet Heart Study 87, 88 Medi-RIVAGE study 86, 87 prospects for improvement 88, 89 southwest and Mediterranean coast paradox 84 SU.VI.MAX study 82 84 French Food Safety Agency (ANSES), adequate intake (ANC) determination for fatty acids essential fatty acids 139, 141 expert assessment 137, 138 nonessential fatty acids 141, 142 summary 142 total lipids in energy intake 138, 140 FTO, adiposity phenotypes 146, 147 Functional foods 249 Gaea Academy Awards participation 223 carbon neutral olive oil 221, 222 company strategy 221 green projects 223 mission 221 Global warming, see Climate change Glutathione S-transferase (GST), polymorphisms in breast cancer 161 Government food supply forces 264 political will 265 role in nutrition and health 263, 264 World Health Organization guidelines 265 Greek diet ATTICA study 53, 54 fish consumption 53, 56 Mediterranean Diet Score 54, 55 sex differences in fatty acid consumption 55, 56 Health Professional Follow-up Study (HPFS), distinguishing between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid effects 35 37, 39, 40 270 Subject Index
Healthy Agriculture, Healthy Nutrition, Healthy People (HealthyANP) action plan decision-makers 259 principles 260, 261 process 259, 260 science role 261, 262 challenges 258 defining healthy agriculture 253, 254 healthy nutrition and people 254, 255 holistic view 251 253 keynote speech from inaugural conference 6 9 recommendations from inaugural conference 1 5 HealthyANP, see Healthy Agriculture, Healthy Nutrition, Healthy People Hippocrates, positive health concept 4 Housing, see Urban design India, see Climate change Iodine, deficiency 257 Japan cholesterol guidelines for longevity, see Okinawan diet Linoleic acid (LA) atherosclerosis role 15 coronary heart disease and linoleic acid analysis observational studies composition of different brands of similar food items 38 40 Health Professional Follow-up Study 35 37, 39, 40 Nurses Health Study 35 37, 39, 40 strengths and limitations 40, 41 randomized controlled trials Gordon meta-analysis of cholesterol-lowering and mortality 31 healthy observer effect 41 Jakobsen pooled analysis 34, 35 Mozaffarian et al. meta-analysis of total polyunsaturated fatty acids 31 34 overview 30 Ramsden et al. meta-analysis 34 eicosapentaenoic acid membrane incorporation inhibition 15, 16 determination 139 α-linolenic acid antagonism 16 α-linolenic acid (ALA) coronary heart disease analysis in observational studies composition of different brands of similar food items 38 40 Health Professional Follow-up Study 35 37, 39, 40 Nurses Health Study 35 37, 39, 40 strengths and limitations 40, 41 determination 139 linoleic acid antagonism 16 5-Lipoxygenase (ALOX5), polymorphisms in breast cancer 161, 168 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), linoleic acid induction of oxidation 15 Lyon Diet Heart Study 87, 88 Major depressive disorder, see Depression Malnutrition anemia 257 chronic hunger 254, 255 food price trends 254, 255 iodine deficiency 257 protein-energy malnutrition 257 vitamin deficiency 257 Medi-RIVAGE study 86, 87 Mediterranean diet, see also Greek diet acclimation advantage 207 208 climate change impact, see Climate change health benefits 206 omega-6/omega-3 balance 81, 82 Mercury, fish oil and pregnancy 107, 108 Methane, output correlation with milk fatty acid composition 212, 214 216 Milk, see Breastfeeding; Cow s milk Myclimate Foundation 222 Neurocognitive function fatty acid intake studies 102 fatty acid intervention studies 102, 103 New Zealand, see Climate change Nurses Health Study (NHS), distinguishing between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid effects 35 37, 39, 40 Obesity income inequality effects 263 Subject Index 271
protection of dementia 100 Okinawan diet beverages 121 calorie restriction 116, 117 carbohydrate energy consumption changes 117 119 plant food consumption 119 sea food consumption 119, 120 social interconnections 114, 115 sodium intake 119 traditional diet 115, 121 traditional herbs and spices 120, 121 Oleic acid, French Food Safety Agency adequate intake determination 142 Olive oil, carbon neutral olive oil 221, 222 Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (fat-1) gene transfer studies 13 transgenic mice atherosclerosis models 25 cancer models 24, 25 diabetes models 25, 26 inflammatory disease models 23 neurological disease models 26, 27 osteoporosis models 27 overview 22, 23 prospects for study 27, 28 Omega-3 fatty acids, gene expression studies 13 15 Omega-6/omega-3 balance aging 17 chronic diseases animal models 22 28 gene transfer studies in chronic disease models, see Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase mechanisms 15 17 cognition studies, see Cognition diets, see Chilean diet; French diet; Greek diet; Mediterranean diet; Okinawan diet; Swedish diet evolutionary aspects of diet 10, 11 food processing effects 73 75 imbalance in western diet 11, 13 inflammatory marker studies 17 metabolism 11, 12 neurodevelopment studies 17, 18 platelet aggregation effects 16 recommendations 18, 19 vascular endothelial growth factor response 16 Osteoporosis, omega-3 fatty acid desaturase transgenic mouse studies 27 Platelet aggregation, omega-6/omega-3 balance effects 16 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), classification 156, 157 Pregnancy mercury in fish oil 107, 108 nutrition, growth, and development interactions 100, 101 postpartum depression and dietary fatty acids 105 108 small-for-gestational-age and maternal diet effects 99, 100 Profile of Mood Scale (POMS), fatty acid intervention studies 102, 103 Prostate cancer, polyunsaturated fatty acids dietary studies 161 164, 166 gene-diet interactions 164 166 Schizophrenia, fatty acid intervention studies 108 110 SIRT1, calorie restriction and activation 117 Small-for-gestational-age (SGA), maternal diet effects 99, 100 Statins, Japanese guidelines for longevity 129 131, 135 Stress cannabinoid receptor signaling 49, 50 diet nutrients in stress responses 48, 49 omega-3 fatty acid effects 49, 50 disorders 46, 47 homeostasis 44 46 mechanisms 46 overview of response 44, 45 Stroke, protection by cholesterol and animal fats 132, 133 SU.VI.MAX study 82 84 Swedish diet breastfeeding 77 fatty acid profiles 75 77 sources 74 food processing effects on fatty acids 73 75 programming of adult diseases 78 Telomere, omega-6/omega-3 balance effects on length 17 Triglyceride (TG) 272 Subject Index
APOA5 polymorphisms in level determination 152, 154 Japanese guidelines for longevity 131 Urban design edible landscape cases Colombo, Sri Lanka 235, 237 240 Rosario, Argentina 232 235 health impact northern cities 227, 228 overview 226, 227 southern cities 228 housing 244 247 McGill University action-research projects 229 Edible Campus caretakers 230 harvest and produce destination 230, 231 origins 230 urban agriculture benefits 240 242 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), omega-6/ omega-3 balance response 16 Vitamin D receptor (VDR), alleles and muscle function 146 Vitamin deficiency malnutrition 257 mental health effects 99 World Health Organization (WHO) cholesterol guidelines 135 guidelines for governments 265 nutrition impact on health 263 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake recommendations 65, 67 69 Subject Index 273