Improving the fatty acid composition of ruminant products Michael R. F. Lee IBERS, Aberystwyth University, UK
Quality Beef and Milk from Forage Designing natural feed systems to produce quality beef and milk in a sustainable and efficient manner. Incorporating research on: Systems (forage-based) Animal performance Product quality
Consumer and quality Nutritional value and colour shelf life Payment for quality
Price and a perception of product quality Food safety Lifestyle Animal welfare/exploitation Health Production methods Alternatives to animal products Environmental impact Recent food scares
Fatty acids in beef 5000 Monounsaturated t m g/100g musc cle 4000 3000 2000 1000 Holstein-Friesian Welsh Black Belgium Blue (DM) 18:1 n-9 0 Total fatty acids Saturated 14:0; 16:0 and 18:0 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic l i acid (18:2n-6) α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA)
Coronary heart disease and stroke EFA deficiency in infancy and associated retinal and brain damage Auto-immune disorders (e.g. lupus, and nephropathy) Crohn s disease Mild hypertension and Rheumatoid arthritis
Nutrition Genetic (breeds : dairy v. beef) Sex (Heifers v. Bulls v. Steers)
Forages Oils and oilseeds rapeseed soybean linseed echium C18:1n-9 oleic acid C18:2n-6 linoleic acid C18:3n-3 linolenic acid C18:4n-3 stearidonic acid Fish oil and marine algae - long chain C20 EPA and DHA
linolenic acid (18:3n-3) linoleic acid (18:2n-6) palmitic acid (16:0) other
Fatty acids in beef 5000 Monounsaturated t m g/100g musc cle 4000 3000 2000 1000 Holstein-Friesian Welsh Black Belgium Blue (DM) 18:1 n-9 0 Total fatty acids Saturated 14:0; 16:0 and 18:0 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic l i acid (18:2n-6) α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA)
mouth Free Dietary Lipid Lipolysis abomasum Cell Bound Organelle phospho- & galacto lipid FFA C18 PUFA Biohydrogenation Conjugated dienes and trienes Lipolysis Red Clover PPO Trans C18:1 Fish Oil FFA C18:0 Rumen Biohydrogenation C18:3 n-3 92% C18:2 n-6 86%
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in red clover Oxidises phenols to quinones in the presence of oxygen Quinones are very reactive Quinones bind to proteins to give protein-quinone complexes Animal Science Programme
Ingested plant cells mouth abomasum Intact cell Organelle phospho- & galacto lipid Plant mediated lipolysis FFA -ive PPO Ruptured cell Organelle phospho- & galacto lipid Bacterial Lipolysis Bacteria FFA Pool C18 PUFA Protozoa Conjugated dienes and trienes Rumen Trans monoenes C18:0
mouth Ingested plant cells abomasum Intact cell Organelle phospho- & galacto lipid Ruptured cell Organelle phospho- & galacto lipid Green odour compounds from PUFA oxidation Plant mediated Lipolysis FFA -ive PPO Bacterial Lipolysis Bacteria FFA Pool C18 PUFA Protozoa Conjugated dienes and trienes Rumen +ive Trans monoenes C18:0
Timmen & Patton 1986 Precht & Molkentin 1997 1 2 Precht & Molkentin 1997 2 2.5 1.5 1 05 0.5 0 Kelly et al 1998 Dhiman et al 1999 Fresh Conserved
35 Conc 30 Silage mg 100 0g muscle 25 20 15 10 5 0 18:3n-3 3 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 22:6n-3
Chain Elongation Conversion of 18:3n 3 to 18:4n 3 is important t( (ratelimiting) for EPA and DHA synthesis 18:4n 3 is rich in Echium oil Trial To assess effect of feeding plant oil rich in 18:4n 3 PUFA on the fatty acid composition of beef and meat quality in steers 18:3n-3 Alpha-linolenic acid 18:4n-3 20:4n-3 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 22:6n-3 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Fatty acid composition (mg/100 g muscle) GS GS LEO GS HEO GS LO s.e.d. P Total fatty acids 3179 4090 4075 3385 601.7 NS 18:1 trans, total 42.0 a 77.1 b 122.6 c 79.1 b 13.85 <0.001 001 CLA (cis 9, trans 11) 9.7 a 15.5 a 25.0 b 15.2 a 3.01 <0.001 20:5n 3 (EPA) 16.7 15.5 14.5 17.0 0.96 0.06 22:6n 3 (DHA) 3.3 3.3 2.7 3.4 0.27 0.06 TBARS, day 10 (mg/kg muscle) 0.66 0.55 0.46 0.49 0.093 NS 1) grass silage ad libitum (GS), 2) grass silage ad libitum plus 1.5% Echium oil / silage DMI (GS LEO) 3) grass silage ad libitum plus 30%Echium 3.0% oil / silage DMI (GS HEO) 4) grass silage ad libitum plus 3.0% linseed oil / silage DMI (GS LO)
Phytanic acid Rumenic acid (cis-9 trans-11 CLA)
Colour shelf life
Effect of diet on beef colour of 10d aged loin steaks during display in MAP 22 20 18 16 forage fed colour 14 12 concentrate fed 10 0 2 4 6 8 days disp layed 10 12
Loin steaks aged dfor 10d and ddisplayed dfor 14d
The Eighth International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores (ISNH8) Herbivores in a Changing World 6 th 9 th September 2011 Aberystwyth, Wales UK www.isnh8.org