Associations between sleep parameters, Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community - HAALSI (2014 2015) non-communicable diseases, HIV status and ART in older, rural South Africans from the HAALSI cohort F. Xavier Gómez-Olivé, Julia K Rohr, Laura C Roden, Dale E Rae, Malcolm von Schantz SISSA, 10-11 September 2018, Cape Town Background and objectives Sleep is a neglected aspect of health and wellbeing, although is associated with both infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Sleep has been reported to be affected by HIV infection and some anti-retroviral treatments like Efavirenz. Few studies investigate sleep habits of South Africans, and the interactions between sleep and HIV or NCDs. Study setting Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System 31 villages 21,500 households 116,000 people 1
HAALSI Sample Sample of 6281 men/women 40 years and older from Agincourt 2013 census Home interview was completed from November 2014 to November 2015 Response rate of 85.9% (n=5059) HAALSI Methods Socio-demographic questions included: age (presented in 10-year age bins) sex years of completed education (no formal education, 1-7y, 8-11y, 12+ years) marital status (never married, currently married, separated/divorced, widowed) employment status (not working, employed, homemaker) socio-economic status divided in quintiles and based on five asset categories: modern assets power supply water and sanitation quality of housing livestock assets Medical history of hypertension, T2DM, stroke, heart attack, heart failure, angina and kidney diseases. Ever tested positive for HIV and receiving ART. HAALSI Methods Socio-demographic questions included: age (presented in 10-year age bins) sex years of completed education marital status employment status socio-economic status divided in quintiles and based on five asset categories: modern assets power supply water and sanitation quality of housing livestock assets Medical history of hypertension, T2DM, stroke, heart attack, heart failure, angina and kidney diseases. Ever tested positive for HIV and receiving ART. Measurements Blood pressure, pulse, grip strength, BMI, waist and hip circumference, walk time DBS: HIV, viral load, ART use, HbA1c, C-reactive proteine Point of Care: lipid profile, haemoglobine, glucose. We captured some adapted components of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. 2
Objectives Sleep Study RESULTS 1) describe aspects of sleep duration and quality in this cohort of older and rural South Africans 2) explore relationships between sleep duration, timing and quality and HIV status, ART and NCDs. Analysis Descriptive data are presented as mean ±standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or count (%). Sex comparisons were carried out using an independent t- test, a Mann-Whitney U test or a Fisher s Exact test. We performed logistic regression to measure the association of demographic variables and sleep parameters. Models for continuous variables were estimated using ordered logistic regression, with sleep length, bedtime and wake time quartiles as the dependent variables. Demographics Demographic and health characteristics All (n=5059) Women (n=2714) Men (n=2345) p-value Age (y) 61 (52-71) 60 (51-71) 61 (52-71) 0.594 Years of education 4 (1-9) 3 (1-9) 5 (1-9) <0.001 Married/ cohabiting 2575 (50.9%) 973 (35.9%) 1602 (68.3%) <0.001 Number of people in household 5.3 ±3.3 5.5 ±3.3 5.2 ±3.4 0.004 Employed 805 (16.0%) 362 (13.4%) 443 (19.0%) <0.001 Wealth quintile 3.0 ±1.4 3.0 ±1.4 3.0 ±1.4 0.795 Health BMI (kg m -2 ) 27.2 ±6.9 29.3 ±7.4 24.9 ±5.4 <0.001 Obese 1384 (29.5%) 1043 (41.2%) 341 (15.8%) <0.001 Hypertension 2884 (58.4%) 1645 (61.8%) 1239 (54.5%) <0.001 Dyslipidemia 1861 (43.8%) 1000 (42.9%) 861 (44.9%) 0.203 Diabetes 495 (10.7%) 288 (11.5%) 207 (9.7%) 0.050 Anemia 779 (17.3%) 544 (22.5%) 235 (11.4%) <0.001 HIV positive 1048 (23.0%) 565 (22.9%) 483 (23.0%) 4 3
Sleep characteristics Good sleep quality reported by 94% of participants. Average of 8.23 ±1.6 hours of bedtime. However, there was a high report of sleep problems: o 32% took longer than 30 minutes to fall asleep at night o 36% felt that their sleep duration was insufficient o 33% experienced restless sleep. o 40% were aware of nocturnal awakenings. o 20% reported snoring. o 12% reported gasping. o 7% reported stop breathing for brief periods at night. Demographic predictors of sleep parameters Age group Sex BMI Education 50s vs 40s 60s vs 40s 70s vs 40s 80+ vs 40s Women vs Men Underweight vs normal Overweight vs normal Obese vs normal 1-7y vs None 8-11y vs None 12+y vs None Sleep length Bedtime Wake time Insufficient sleep Restless sleep Snoring OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) 0.83 (0.70, 0.98) 0.78 (0.65, ) (, ) 1.24 (, 1.59) 0.73 (0.64, 0.83) (0.79, 1.30) 1.03 (0.90, 1.19) 1.08 (, 1.24) 0.89 (0.78, ) (0.79, 1.16) (0.64, 1.03) (0.85, 1.17) (0.83, 1.19) 0.75 (0.61, 0.92) 0.53 (0.41, 0.67) (, ) 0.71 (0.55, 0.90) (0.84, 1.11) (0.92, 1.22) 1.19 (, 1.35) (, 1.43) 1.45 (, 1.83) (0.64, 0.89) 0.61 (0.51, 0.73) 0.85 (0.69, 1.04) (, 1.51) 0.50 (0.44, 0.57) (0.83, 1.35) 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) (0.95, 1.26) (0.9, 1.16) 1.17 (, 1.42) 0.81 (0.64, ) 1.13 (, 1.37) 1.04 (0.84, 1.29) (0.91, 1.47) 1.37 (1.04, 1.81) (0.91, 1.21) (, 1.44) 1.14 (, 1.33) 1.30 (1.11, 1.53) (0.81, 1.08) 0.67 (0.53, 0.85) 0.71 (0.54, ) 1.39 (1.12, 1.72) 1.79 (1.42, 2.25) 1.97 (1.53, 2.54) 2.46 (1.84, 3.29) 1.28 (, 1.49) 1.27 (0.95, 1.69) 1.14 (, 1.34) (0.86, 1.20) (0.81, ) (0.64, 1.04) 0.50 (0.36, 0.70) 1.28 (, 1.63) 1.64 (1.26, 2.13) 1.54 (1.14, 2.07) 1.80 (1.27, 2.55) 0.74 (0.62, ) 1.34 (, 1.89) 1.30 (1.07, 1.60) 2.50 (2.05, 3.05) 1.29 (1.08, 1.53) (0.83, 1.44) 1.23 (0.89, 1.70) Sleep habits differed by sex, with women reporting: Spending fewer hours in bed (p<0.001), Going to bed earlier (p=0.023), Waking up earlier (p<0.001). Fewer sufficient sleep each night (p=0.005), Higher experiencing restless sleep (p<0.001) Higher nocturnal awakenings (p=0.008) Employment Marital status Wealth quintile Employed vs Not working Homemaker vs Not working Never married vs Currently married Separated / divorced vs Currently married Widowed vs Currently married Low vs Lowest Medium vs Lowest High vs Lowest Highest vs Lowest Sleep length Bedtime Wake time Insufficient sleep Restless sleep Snoring OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) 0.57 (0.48, 0.67) 0.45 (0.37, 0.54) (0.92, 1.51) 1.20 (, 1.43) 1.23 (1.07, 1.42) (0.79, 1.11) 0.81 (0.68, ) 0.73 (0.61, 0.87) (0.63, 0.92) (0.86, ) (0.74, ) 0.95 (0.75, 1.20) 0.85 (0.71, ) 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) 1.21 (1.03, 1.44) 1.31 (1.11, 1.56) 1.66 (1.40, 1.97) 1.83 (1.52, 2.19) 0.43 (0.36, 0.50) (0.80, 1.14) 1.57 (1.24, 1.99) 1.35 (1.13, 1.59) 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) 0.92 (0.77, 1.08) 0.90 (, 1.07) (0.83, ) (0.83, 1.19) (0.78, 1.13) 0.34 (0.27, 0.43) (0.84, 1.46) (, 1.40) 1.13 (, 1.33) 1.11 (0.92, 1.35) (, 1.14) 1.03 (0.84, 1.26) (0.85, 1.30) (0.62, ) 0.86 (0.70, ) 1.14 (0.83, 1.56) 1.38 (1.12, 1.69) 1.33 (1.13, 1.57) 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) (0.89, 1.33) (0.85, 1.29) 0.89 (0.72, 1.11) (0.79, 1.24) 1.20 (0.95, 1.52) (0.57, 1.17) (0.59, ) 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) 0.86 (0.68, ) (0.73, ) 0.92 (0.72, ) (0.68, 1.14) 4
Sleep parameters as predictors of health conditions Associations of HIV status and ART with sleep parameters Sleep length (quartiles) 4-7h vs <8h 9h vs <8h Obesity Hypertension Dyslipidemia Diabetes OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) (, 1.17) (0.87, 1.30) (, 1.39) 1.12 (, 1.35) (0.79, 1.12) (, 1.20) 1.12 (0.86, 1.47) (0.75, 1.38) Sleep length Bad sleep quality Insufficient sleep Restless sleep Awakenings Snoring Gasping Breathing stops OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) Bedtime (quartiles) >10 vs <8h 8-8:59pm vs Before8pm 9-9:30pm vs Before 8pm >9:30pm vs Before 8pm 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) 1.22 (, 1.55) 1.36 (1.07, 1.73) 1.24 (, 1.60) 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) (, 1.42) 1.26 (, 1.56) 1.11 (0.89, 1.39) (0.72, ) (0.75, 1.17) (, 1.37) (, 1.22) 1.31 (, 1.79) (0.72, 1.40) 0.80 (0.57, 1.12) 0.68 (0.47, ) HIV+/ART+ vs HIV- Lowest vs Highest (, 1.29) Badvs Good 0.74 (0.49, 1.14) Sometimes/ Never vs Often/ Very often (, 1.20) 0.87 (0.71, ) At least once per week vs < Once per week (0.83, 1.21) 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) (0.79, 1.41) 0.71 (0.46, ) Wake time (quartiles) 5am vs Before 5am 5:01-6am vs Before 5am (0.95, 1.40) 1.27 (1.04, 1.55) 0.81 (0.68, 0.98) 0.98 (0.81, ) (0.83, 1.22) 1.07 (, 1.30) 1.22 (0.91, 1.64) (0.77, 1.43) HIV+/ARTvs HIV- (0.79, 1.20) 0.84 (0.50, 1.42) 0.80 (0.62, 1.03) (0.68, 1.13) 1.30 (1.04, 1.64) 0.91 (0.67, 1.23) (0.68, 1.44) (0.68, 1.74) 6:05am-1pm vs Before 5am 1.23 (, 1.57) (0.77, 1.19) (0.81, 1.27) 1.36 (, 1.93) Obesity Hypertension Dyslipidemia Diabetes OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) Conclusions Sleep quality Latency >30 min Insufficient sleep Restless sleep Nocturnal awakenings Snoring Gasping Breathing stops Bad vs Good At least once/week vs Less than once/week Yes vs no At least once/week vs Less than once/week (0.61, 1.11) (0.84, 1.12) 1.21 (, 1.40) 0.95 (, ) (0.84, ) 2.18 (1.85, 2.57) 2.13 (1.75, 2.59) 1.77 (1.37, 2.30) 1.43 (1.08, 1.90) 1.08 (, 1.23) (, 1.26) 1.19 (1.04, 1.37) 1.12 (0.98, 1.27) (0.98, 1.35) 1.07 (, 1.30) 1.42 (, 1.85) 1.28 (0.98, 1.68) (, 1.16) 1.16 (, 1.33) (0.92, 1.22) (0.85, ) (, 1.14) (, 1.13) (0.72, 1.21) 1.08 (0.72, 1.64) (0.89, 1.36) 0.89 (0.72, ) 1.29 (, 1.60) (0.83, 1.25) 1.41 (1.12, 1.78) 1.27 (, 1.67) 1.29 (0.91, 1.83) This cohort addresses a number of sleep questions of high current interest. This population had a longer self-reported sleep length (8.2±1.6h per night) than observed in other populations globally, despite the fact that one-third described their sleep duration as being insufficient. Women present worst sleep parameters which might place them at higher risk for cardiometabolic diseases. We did not find important sleep problems associated to HIV infection or ART use. 5
Thank you Adapted components Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire Over the past 4 weeks, what time did you usually turn the lights off to go to sleep? (Hours, minutes) Over the past 4 weeks, what time did you usually get out of bed? (Hours, minutes) Over the past 4 weeks, how many hours do you think you actually slept each day? (Hours) During the past 4 weeks, how often did you wake up in the middle of the night or early morning? ( Never / Less than once per week / Once or twice a week / Three of more times a week ) During the past month, have you snored, or ever been told that you were snoring? ( Yes / No ) During the past month, have you snored loudly, or ever been told that you were snoring loudly? ( Yes / No ) During the last month, have you had, or ever been told that your breathing stops or you struggle for breath? ( Yes / No ) During the last month, have you had, or ever been told that you were snorting or gasping? ( Yes / No ) On a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 is Does not interfere and 10 is Completely interferes, select the one number that describes how, during the past 24 hours, pain has interfered with your sleep. Over the past 4 weeks, how would you rate your sleep quality overall? ( Very good / Fairly good / Fairly bad / Very bad ) During the past 4 weeks, how often could you not get to sleep within 30 minutes? ( Never / Less than once per week / Once or twice a week / Three of more times a week ) In your life, have you ever had any experience that was so frightening, horrible, or upsetting that, in the past 30 days you had more trouble than usual falling asleep or staying asleep? Much of the time in the past week, your sleep was restless. ( Yes / No ) How often during the past 4 weeks did you get enough sleep to feel rested upon waking up? ( Never / Rarely / Sometimes / Often / Very often ) 6